Both 2-L PEG/Asc and SP/MC had adequate bowel cleansing efficacy to satisfy PDR and ADR as quality indicator and had showed similar tolerability.

Children's reasoning about the afterlife emerges naturally as a developmental regularity. Although a biological understanding of death increases in accordance with cognitive development, biological and supernatural explanations of death may coexist in a complementary manner, being deeply imbedded in cultural contexts. This study conducted a content analysis of 40 children's death-themed picture books in Western Europe and East Asia. It can be inferred that causality and non-functionality are highly integrated with the naturalistic and supernatural understanding of death in Western Europe, whereas the literature in East Asia seems to rely on naturalistic aspects of death and focuses on causal explanations.

Right aortic arch with isolation of the left subclavian artery is a rare anomaly. The incidence of bilateral ductus arteriosus is sporadic, and a right aortic arch with isolation of the left subclavian artery in association with bilateral ductus arteriosus is therefore extremely rare. Since the symptoms and signs of isolation of the left subclavian artery can include the absence or underdevelopment of the left arm, subclavian steal syndrome, or pulmonary artery steal syndrome, the proper therapeutic approach is controversial. We report a case in which surgical reconstruction was used to treat isolation of the left subclavian artery with right aortic arch in association with bilateral ductus arteriosus and a ventricular septal defect.

This study was conducted to identify groundwater recharge and discharge amounts of a representative urban-rural composite area located in Yongin city, Kyounggi-do, Korea. Groundwater recharge would be affected by mainly two processes in the study area: rainfall and leakage from public water pipelines including water-supply and sewage system. Groundwater recharge rate was estimated to be 13.5% by applying annual groundwater level data from two National Groundwater Monitoring Stations to the master regression curve method. Subseguently, the recharge amounts were determined to be 13,253 × 10 3 m 3 /yr. Leakage amounts from water-supply and sewage system were estimated to be 3,218 × 10 3 and 5,696 × 10 3 m 3 /yr, respectively. On the whole, a total of the recharge amounts was 22,167 × 10 3 m 3 /yr, of which 60% covers rainfall recharge and 40% pipeline leakage. Groundwater discharge occurred through three processes in the composite area: baseflow, well pumping, and discharge from urban infrastructure including groundwater infiltration into sewage pipeline and artificial extraction of groundwater to protect underground facilities from submergence. Discharge amounts by baseflow flowing to the Kiheung agricultural reservoir and well pumping were estimated to be 382 × 10 3 and 1,323 × 10 3 m 3 /yr, respectively. Occurrence of groundwater infiitration into sewage pipeline was rarely identified. Groundwater extraction amounts from the Bundang subway line as an underground facility were identified as 714 × 10 3 m 3 /yr. Overall, a total of the discharge amounts was determined to be 2,419 × 10 3 m 3 /yr, which was contributed by 29% of artificial discharge. Even though groundwater budget of the composite area was identified to be a surplus, it should be managed for a sound groundwater environment by changing deteriorated pipelines and controlling artificial discharge amounts.

Thrombosis at the left ventricular outflow tract occurs without any detectable heart disease or predisposing factors only extremely rarely. A 48-year-old male visited Konkuk University Medical Center with loss of consciousness one month prior to presentation. Before he visited our hospital, he had been diagnosed with a cardiac tumor, which was located between the left atrium and posterior aortic root, and which was adjacent to both the aortic and mitral valves. Cardiac transplantation was recommended at the other hospital because of the high risk of cardiac dysfunction induced by both aortic and mitral valvular dysfunction after surgical resection. Based on preoperative transthoracic echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and intra-operative transesophageal echocardiography, we considered it to be a benign tumor. Complete resection was achieved and the pathology confirmed organizing thrombus. We report a case of organizing thrombus mimicking a cardiac tumor, which was located at the mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa of the left ventricular outflow tract without any heart disease.

A 61-year-old woman was referred for chest discomfort 7 days after successful open cholecystectomy. She has had a prosthetic mechanical mitral valve for 10 years and been on warfarin medication since then. Her preoperative cardiac work-up showed good mechanical valve function with optimal prothrombin time international normalized ratio levels. However, anticoagulation was inadequate during the immediate postoperative period, and subsequent echocardiograms revealed a newly developed thrombus with one leaflet fixation. Having an acute thrombus with New York Heart Association functional class I-II and a strong reluctance to redo open heart surgery, fibrinolytic therapy was performed. Acute bleeding from a pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery interrupted the intravenous alteplase infusion and required emergency coil embolization. Ultimately, the mechanical click sound resumed, and a subsequent echocardiogram revealed successful resolution of the acute thrombus and restored mechanical mitral valve prosthesis function.