The beneficial use of a hole transport layer (HTL) as a substitution for poly(3,4-ethlyenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is regarded as one of the most important approaches for improving the stability and efficiency of inverted perovskite solar cells. Here, we demonstrate highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells by applying a GO-doped PEDOT:PSS (PEDOT:GO) film as an HTL. The high performance of this solar cell stems from the excellent optical and electrical properties of the PEDOT:GO film, including a higher electrical conductivity, a higher work function related to the reduced contact barrier between the perovskite layer and the PEDOT:GO layer, enhanced crystallinity of the perovskite crystal, and suppressed leakage current. Moreover, the device with the PEDOT:GO layer showed excellent long-term stability in ambient air conditions. Thus, the enhancement in the efficiency and the excellent stability of inverted perovskite solar cells are promising for the eventual commercialization of perovskite optoelectronic devices.
These results show that the lumbopelvic rhythms are different among healthy subjects and patients assigned to 2 specific LBP subgroups. These results provide information on the FR response of the erector spinae muscle.
Tin oxide (SnO2) is widely adopted as an electron transport
layer in perovskite solar cells (PeSCs) because it has high electron
mobility, excellent charge selective behavior owing to a large band
gap of 3.76 eV, and low-temperature processibility. To achieve highly
efficient SnO2-based PeSCs, it is necessary to control
the oxygen vacancies in the SnO2 layer, since the electrical
and optical properties vary depending on the oxidation state of Sn.
This study demonstrates that the performance of PeSCs may be improved
by using nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (NGO) as an oxidizing agent
for SnO2. Since NGO changes the oxidation state of the
Sn in SnO2 from Sn2+ to Sn4+, the
oxygen vacancies in SnO2 can be reduced using NGO. Multiple
devices are fabricated, and various techniques are used to assess
their performance, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dark
current analysis, and the dependence of the open-circuit voltage on
light intensity. Compared with the average power conversion efficiency
(PCE) of control devices, PeSCs with SnO2:NGO composite
layers exhibit greater PCEs with less deviation. Therefore, the introduction
of NGO in a SnO2 layer can be regarded as an effective
method of controlling the oxidation state of SnO2 to improve
the performance of PeSCs.
Defect states at the surface and grain boundaries of perovskite films have been known to be major determinants impairing the optoelectrical properties of perovskite films and the stability of perovskite solar cells (PeSCs). Herein, an n-type conjugated small-molecule additive based on fused-unit dithienothiophen[3,2-b]-pyrrolobenzothiadiazole-core (JY16) is developed for efficient and stable PeSCs, where JY16 possesses the same backbone as the widely used Y6 but with long-linear n-hexadecyl side chains rather than branched side chains. Upon introducing JY16 into the perovskite films, the electron-donating functional groups of JY16 passivate defect states in perovskite films and increase the grain size of perovskite films through Lewis acid-base interactions. Compared to Y6, JY16 exhibits superior charge mobility owing to its molecular packing ability and prevents decomposition of perovskite films under moisture conditions owing to their hydrophobic characteristics, improving the charge extraction ability and moisture stability of PeSCs. Consequently, the PeSC with JY16 shows a high power conversion efficiency of 21.35%, which is higher than those of the PeSC with Y6 (20.12%) and without any additive (18.12%), and outstanding moisture stability under 25% relative humidity, without encapsulation. The proposed organic semiconducting additive will prove to be crucial for achieving highly efficient and moisture stable PeSCs.
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