Natural infections of mammals with African trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei, are generally pleomorphic, the population consisting of different forms, termed slender and stumpy forms, that vary in number as the parasitaemia develops. We show that the differentiation of slender into stumpy forms is characterized by the acquisition by the parasite of the ability to regulate its internal pH, even in the face of a large, inwardly directed gradient of H + , as well as a tolerance towards external proteolytic stress. These adaptations effectively abbrogate cellular stress-activated signalling pathways involving adenylate cyclase and glycosylphosphoinositolspecific phospholipase-C mediated release of the surface coat. Although in metabolic terms stumpy forms of the parasite are considered to be preadapted to life in the arthropod vector, these data clearly demonstrate that these forms also possess additional cellular adaptations designed to deal with the immediate and potentially harmful changes in the extracellular environment that occur upon ingestion of a bloodmeal by the tsetse fly vector.

An important metric to monitor for optimizing water use in agricultural areas is the amount of cropland left fallowed, or unplanted. Fallowed croplands are difficult to model because they have many expressions; for example, they can be managed and remain free of vegetation or be abandoned and become weedy if the climate for that season permits. We used 250 m, 8-day composite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer normalized difference vegetation index data to develop an algorithm that can routinely map cropland status (planted or fallowed) with over 75% user's and producer's accuracies. The Fallow-land Algorithm based on Neighborhood and Temporal Anomalies (FANTA) compares the current greenness of a cultivated pixel to its historical greenness and to the greenness of all cultivated pixels within a defined spatial neighborhood, and is therefore transportable across space and through time. This article introduces FANTA and applies it to California from 2001 to 2015 as a case study for use in data-poor places and for use in historical modeling. Timely and accurate knowledge of the extent of fallowing can provide decision makers with insights and knowledge to mitigate the impacts of drought and provide a scientific basis for effective management response. This study is part of the WaterSMART (Sustain and Manage America's Resources for Tomorrow) project, an interdisciplinary and collaborative research effort focused on improving water conservation and optimizing water use.

Abstract. Within the work lines in sustainable energy field of the EnergyLab Technology Centre (Vigo, Spain), associated with the technologies that are under investigation by this centre, it is developed a study about the Life Cycle Analysis (hereinafter, LCA) over a geothermal heatpump (hereafter, GSHP) installation in a nursery school in the province of Pontevedra (Galicia, Spain), and its comparison with the fuel boiler system prior to GHP. Thus, with the use of computer tools and following specific rules about the calculation of LCA, assessing the environmental impact of each system, and perform the appropriate comparison in order to quantify the savings emissions and the improvement in sustainability related to the replacement of diesel boiler system by the GSHP system.

4Bridges are important components of the transportation network that should maintain 5 mobility and accessibility even after severe earthquakes. The current design philosophy of 6 earthquake-resistant bridges requires the disastrous seismic energy to be dissipated in hinges 7 that are formed in the piers, whilst the deck should remain essentially elastic. However, post-8 earthquake restoration of damaged piers is challenging, time-consuming, and causes traffic 9 disruptions. In this context, this paper proposes a novel resilient hinge, which is cost-effective 10 and has minimal damage during earthquakes. The resilient hinge is a versatile substructure 11 that dissipates energy through the yielding of easily replaceable steel bars, thus offering rapid 12 restoration times, whilst it is designed to have recentering capabilities, as a number of steel 13 bars remain primarily elastic. Numerical models of single-column piers with the proposed 14 hinge were studied and compared against conventional reinforced concrete piers to 15 investigate the efficiency of the design. It was found that the piers with resilient hinges 16 exhibit a significant reduction in residual drifts when compared to the ones of the 17 conventional piers. Application of the proposed philosophy in irregular bridge models 18 enables a more rational and even distribution of ductility requirements along the bridge piers.

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Este trabajo muestra una revisión de los trabajos de investigación que se han realizado en los últimos años en el contexto español en relación con los libros de texto, materiales didácticos y el ámbito de la Educación Física. La información utilizada está basada en la revisión de estudios que han sido publicados en diversas bases de datos tales como: ISOC, DIALNET, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, TESEO, REDALYC entre otras. Igualmente se han tenido especialmente en cuenta los congresos, jornadas y actividades que recientemente han tenido lugar tanto a nivel nacional como internacional y que han estado dirigidas especialmente al ámbito de la Educación Física y los materiales didácticos. Inicialmente presentaremos algunas reflexiones iniciales sobre la necesidad de realizar la revisión y posteriormente mostraremos una síntesis de los principales trabajos encontrados y su clasificación.Abstract. Here we carry out a review of recent research in the Spanish context regarding textbooks, didactic materials and the field of Physical Education. Information is drawn from studies available in various databases such as ISOC, DIALNET, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, TESEO, and REDALYC. Special attention has also been given to congresses, seminars and activities that have recently been held nationally and internationally and which have focused on the fields of Physical Education and teaching materials. We will begin with some initial comments on the need to carry out the present review and we will go on to summarize and classify the main studies found.

En este estudio analizamos las razones que justifican los cambios de desempeño laboral en los docentes de Educación Física (EF). De un modo concreto, nos preguntamos por las razones del desgaste profesional que sufren los docentes y que justifican los cambios y abandono de los docentes. Para ello desarrollamos un estudio descriptivo en el que participaron un total de 120 docentes de EF que realizan su función en las etapas de Educación Primaria y Secundaria en la Comunidad Autónoma de Galicia. Para la obtención de información cumplimentaron un cuestionario, elaborado a partir del Teacher Follow-up Survey. Destacamos que, en general, el profesorado indica que la escasa valoración hacia la EF por parte de la administración influye mucho en dicho cambio de trabajo. Igualmente, otro de los factores determinantes del cambio de desempeño laboral es la escasa consideración hacia la EF por parte de las familias. Los docentes cuando deciden buscar un nuevo horizonte profesional suelen optar por un cambio de especialidad y la dedicación a tareas de gestión docente.  Abstract. In this study we analyze the reasons that justify changes in job performance in Physical Education (PE) teachers. In a concrete way, we ask ourselves about the reasons for the professional burnout suffered by teachers and that justify the changes and abandonment of teachers. For this, we developed a descriptive study in which a total of 120 PE teachers participated, who perform their function in the stages of Primary and Secondary Education in the Autonomous Community of Galicia. To obtain information, they completed a questionnaire, prepared from the Teacher Follow-up Survey. We highlight that, in general, the teaching staff indicates that the low assessment of PE by the administration greatly influences this job change. Likewise, another of the determining factors of the change in job performance is the scant consideration for PE by families. When teachers decide to seek a new professional horizon, they usually opt for a change of specialty and dedication to teaching management tasks.

The Colorado River Basin (CRB) includes seven states and provides municipal and industrial water to millions of people across all major southwestern cities both inside and outside the basin. Agriculture is the largest part of the CRB economy and crop production depends on irrigation, which accounts for about 74% of the total water demand cross the region. A better understanding of irrigation water demands is critically needed as temperatures continue to rise and drought intensifies, potentially leading to water shortages across the region. Yet, past research on irrigation dynamics has generally utilized relatively low spatiotemporal resolution datasets and has often overlooked the relationship between climate and management decisions such as land fallowing, i.e., the practice of leaving cultivated land idle for a growing season. Here, we produced annual estimates of fallow and active cropland extent at high spatial resolution (30 m) from 2001 to 2017 by applying the fallow-land algorithm based on neighborhood and temporal anomalies (FANTA). We specifically focused on diverse CRB agricultural regions: the lower Colorado River planning (LCRP) area and the Pinal and Phoenix active management areas (PPAMA). Utilizing ground observations collected in 2014 and 2017, we found an overall classification accuracy of 88.9% and 87.2% for LCRP and PPAMA, respectively. We then quantified how factors such as climate, district water rights, and market value influenced: (1) annual fallow and active cropland extent and (2) annual cropland productivity, approximated by integrated growing season NDVI (iNDVI). We found that for the LCRP, a region of winter cropping and senior (i.e., preferential) water rights, active cropland productivity was positively correlated with cool-season average vapor pressure deficit (R = 0.72; p < 0.01). By contrast, for the PPAMA, a region of summer cropping and junior water rights, annual fallow and active cropland extent was positively correlated with cool-season aridity (precipitation/potential evapotranspiration) (R = 0.46; p < 0.05), and active cropland productivity was positively correlated with warm-season aridity (precipitation/potential evapotranspiration) (R = 0.42; p < 0.01). We also found that PPAMA cropland productivity was more sensitive to aridity when crop prices were low, potentially due to the influence of market value on management decisions. Our analysis highlights how biophysical (e.g., temperature and precipitation) and socioeconomic (e.g., water rights and crop market value) factors interact to explain seasonal patterns of cropland extent, water use and productivity. These findings indicate that increasing aridity across the region may result in reduced cropland productivity and increased land fallowing for some regions, particularly those with junior water rights.