A agricultura convencional utiliza o solo intensivamente, modificando os seus atributos. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a variabilidade espacial de alguns atributos físicos e carbono orgânico do solo em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar, usando geoestatística. O trabalho foi realizado em Maracanaú - CE, em uma área de produção de cana-de-açúcar, manejado mediante preparo conservacionista sobre uma cobertura de palhada de cana-de-açúcar. As amostras de solo foram retiradas de uma profundidade de 0,00 - 0,20 m, em uma malha, com intervalo regular de 10 m, totalizando 100 pontos. Em cada amostra, foi analisado densidade de partículas, densidade do solo, carbono orgânico, porosidade total, macroposidade e microposidade. O coeficiente de variação indicou variabilidade baixa para densidade de partículas, densidade do solo e porosidade total e média para as variáveis macroporosidade, microporosidade e carbono orgânico. As variáveis analisadas mostraram dependência espacial, a qual foi observada nos mapas de krigagem. A distribuição de poros por tamanho e a porosidade total indicam condições físicas razoavelmente boas, embora com valores de densidade do solo ligeiramente acima do nível considerado adequado para a classe textural do solo.
Fruit growth is stimulated by different weather conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of weather conditions on the physicochemical properties of pineapple guava fruit growth. Twenty trees were marked in two production areas located at different altitudes (1,800 and 2,580 m.a.s.l.), and measurements were performed every 7 days from 99 and 141 days post-anthesis to harvest at altitudes of 1,800 and 2,580 m.a.s.l., respectively. The results indicate that altitude and weather conditions greatly influence the growth and development of pineapple guava fruit, and these effects are primarily manifested in the physical characteristics of the fruit. The weight and size of the fruit at harvest are directly related to the altitude of the production area. The weather condition that has the greatest impact on total titratable acidity at harvest is cumulative radiation during fruit growth; the highest value of total soluble solids at harvest corresponds to the location with the higher altitude, lower rainfall and relative humidity and higher cumulative radiation during the fruit growth period. The hue angle and pulp firmness at harvest are not influenced by the location or weather conditions at any location and do not determine the fruit quality at harvest time.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o comportamento da variabilidade espacial da resistência mecânica à penetração (RP), da densidade do solo, da densidade de partículas do solo, da porosidade total e dos teores de areia, silte e argila, e as relações existentes entre as propriedades analisadas. O estudo foi desenvolvido em Puerto López (Meta-Colômbia). As amostras do solo foram coletadas em duas profundidades (0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m), em intervalos regulares de 25 m, em malha regular, compreendendo 42 pontos, sendo a RP medida até 0,42 m de profundidade. A RP não se correlacionou com nenhuma propriedade, na primeira profundidade. De 0,10-0,20 m de profundidade, a RP correlacionou-se com os teores de silte e areia. Os semivariogramas da RP não apresentaram correlação espacial nas duas profundidades, possivelmente devido ao sistema de preparo do solo, que modifica a dependência espacial na superfície, acarretando maior homogeneidade do solo. As propriedades ajustaram-se a modelos de semivariogramas exponenciais e esféricos. Para a profundidade de 0,10-0,20 m, as propriedades não se ajustaram a modelos de semivariogramas, apresentando efeito pepita puro, ou seja, não apresentaram dependência espacial, à exceção da densidade aparente.
A B S T R A C TGrowing demand for food exerts pressure on natural resources and may lead to the expansion of agricultural frontiers in developing countries. Most of this pressure appears in tropical zones, in native savannahs, with naturally infertile soils prone to degradation. Crop management in these regions is based on generalized estimates, leaving aside the inherent soil variability, leading to low production efficiency and high risk of environmental damage. This study aims at determining the spatial variability of some chemical properties, including organic carbon, pH, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable aluminum, P, Ca, Mg, K and Na for two Oxisols with different levels of agricultural intervention, in Puerto Lopez, Colombia, in order to identify guidelines for site-specific management. A forty-two point grid (25 × 25 m) was established for samplings at two depths: 0-100 and 100-200 mm. Descriptive statistics and geostatistics were used to analyze soil properties spatial dependence. Variogram models were obtained and from them maps of properties were drawn using ordinary punctual kriging. The results showed that spatial variability of the soil chemical properties depends upon the use of amendments, fertilizing methods, tillage and the inherent characteristics of each variable analyzed. A greater influence of the agricultural intervention on spatial variability was evident in the upper 100 mm of soil. Spatial dependence was found for most of the studied soil properties. However, K and Na presented variograms with pure nugget effects and/or very short ranges. The information generated is a base to derive guidelines for site-specific agriculture.
ABSTRACT:The penetration resistance (PR) is a soil attribute that allows identifies areas with restrictions due to compaction, which results in mechanical impedance for root growth and reduced crop yield. The aim of this study was to characterize the PR of an agricultural soil by geostatistical and multivariate analysis. Sampling was done randomly in 90 points up to 0.60 m depth. It was determined spatial distribution models of PR, and defined areas with mechanical impedance for roots growth. The PR showed a random distribution to 0.55 and 0.60 m depth. PR in other depths analyzed showed spatial dependence, with adjustments to exponential and spherical models. The cluster analysis that considered sampling points allowed establishing areas with compaction problem identified in the maps by kriging interpolation. The analysis with main components identified three soil layers, where the middle layer showed the highest values of PR.KEYWORDS: compaction, cluster analysis, principal components, Andisol. ANÁLISIS DE LA RESISTENCIA A LA PENETRACIÓN DEL SUELO MEDIANTE MÉTODOS GEOESTADÍSTICOS Y MULTIVARIADOSRESUMEN: La resistencia a la penetración (RP) es un atributo del suelo que permite identificar zonas con restricciones debido a la compactación, que se traduce en impedancia mecánica para el desarrollo de las raíces y en una menor productividad de los cultivos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar la RP de un suelo agrícola, mediante análisis geoestadístico y multivariado. El muestreo se realizó de manera aleatoria en 90 puntos, hasta una profundidad de 0,60 m. Se determinaron los modelos de distribución espacial de la RP y se delimitaron áreas con problemas de impedancia mecánica de las raíces. La RP presentó distribución aleatoria a 0,55 y 0,60 m de profundidad. La RP en las otras profundidades analizadas mostraron dependencia espacial, con ajustes a modelos exponenciales y esféricos. El análisis jerárquico que consideró puntos de muestreo, permitió establecer zonas con problemas de compactación, identificadas en los mapas obtenidos mediante interpolación por kriging. El análisis de componentes principales permitió identificar tres capas de suelo, donde la capa intermedia fue la que presentó los mayores valores de RP.
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer algunas propiedades físicas y fisiológicas de desarrollo de la pera (Pyrus communis L.) variedad Triunfo de Viena, producida bajo las condiciones ecuatoriales del clima frío, en los Andes Colombianos. El crecimiento y propiedades de la fruta fueron evaluados en intervalos de 30 días, desde la floración. Las propiedades estudiadas fueron el peso, tamaño de la fruta, firmeza de la pulpa, concentración de sólidos solubles, pH, acidez titulable (% ácido málico) e intensidad respiratoria. La concentración de sólidos solubles y el pH no son propiedades sensibles para determinar el momento apropiado de la cosecha, al presentar valores constantes y de baja dispersión. El fruto presenta forma esférica y su área superficial es función directa del peso de la fruta. La firmeza de la pulpa, la acidez titulable (AT) y la intensidad respiratoria, decrecen en la medida que se desarrolla la pera, presentando valores en el momento de la cosecha de 67,82 N para la firmeza, acidez titulable de 0,24% e intensidad respiratoria de 29,60 mg CO2 kg-1 h-1. Los sólidos solubles (SS) y la relación SS/AT se incrementan en la medida que el fruto va madurando. En el momento de la cosecha los frutos presentan un valor de SS de 12,0ºBrix, una relación SS/AT de 49,36 y un pH de 3,94.
ABSTRACT:The use of fertilizers and solid amendments in agriculture generates special interest for their effect on crop productivity, as well as for their environmental impact. The efficient use of these products demands knowing their physical and mechanical properties, the storing conditions effect and the operational characteristics of the metering systems used in the fertilizing equipment. In this context, the present study was developed with the purpose of evaluating the operational characteristics of different fertilizing metering systems and to determine the adequate metering system-product operational parameters, using powder lime, powder gypsum, granular 10-30-10 (N-P-K), and granular urea. Operational differences were established among four types of commercial fertilizer metering systems, including wire auger, star-shaped feed wheel, feed screw and ridged traction wheel. The study found that the unloading rate depends directly on the fertilizer metering system's rotating speed and is affected by particle size, repose angle, bulk density and moisture content of the applied product. The wire auger and star-shaped feed wheel metering systems were adequate for the distribution of powder products and the feed screw for granulated fertilizers. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental characteristic equations were established, defining curves for calibration and handling of the products plus the rotating speed range in which a better distributing behavior was achieved.KEYWORDS: fertilizer metering system, agricultural machinery, granular material. CARACTERÍSTICAS DE OPERAÇÃO DE QUATRO DOSADORES PARA A DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE FERTILIZANTES E CORRETIVOS COMERCIAISRESUMO: A utilização de fertilizantes e corretivos sólidos na agricultura apresenta especial atenção tanto por seu efeito no incremento da produtividade dos cultivos, como por seu possível impacto ambiental. Para o uso eficiente desses produtos, precisam-se conhecer as características físicas e mecânicas, o efeito das condições de armazenamento e os detalhes de operação dos dosadores utilizados nos equipamentos para adubação. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o fim de avaliar as características de operação de diferentes dosadores e determinar parâmetros adequados do comportamento dosador-produto usando calcário, gesso agrícola, ureia granular e uma mistura10-30-10 (N-P-K) granular. Estabeleceram-se diferenças de operação de quatro dosadores, incluindo espiral flutuante, rotor horizontal, rosca sem fim e rotor acanalado, encontrando-se que a descarga depende diretamente da velocidade de giro dos dosadores, influenciada pelo tamanho da partícula, pelo ângulo de repouso, pela densidade aparente e pela umidade relativa do produto dosado. Os dosadores espiral flutuante e rotor horizontal foram adequados para a distribuição de produtos em pó e a rosca sem fim para a distribuição de produtos granulados. Além disso, estabeleceram-se as equações teóricas e experimentais que definem as curvas para a calibração e a operação dos produtos, assim como as velocidades ...
Studies that involve soil attributes variability help the analysis of the behavior of hydrophysical attributes in space, to support the decision-making process within the conception of precision agriculture. The aim of the present paper was to characterize the spatial variability of the surface infiltration and its relation to some soil physical attributes. The sampling was done with a rectangular mesh of 64 points with perpendicular distances of 52 m × 45 m between sampling points. The attributes studied were bulk density, contents of sand, silt and clay, soil moisture, cumulative infiltration, basic infiltration, sorptivity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and geostatistics, identifying the relationship between attributes, using the Pearson correlation and cluster analysis. Results suggest a behavior of parameters close to normal, attributes related to soil water movement had greater variability, with low basic infiltration (1.46 cm h -1 ) and Ks (0.80 cm h ) show limitations by compaction. Cumulative infiltration and Ks attributes did not fit to models of spatial distribution, finding ranges of 150 m for the other attributes, distance to optimize future sampling for the study of spatial variability. Pearson correlation and cluster analysis allowed establishing relationships between soil attributes; spatial relationships were corroborated in contour maps, where we observed the influence of clay and sand content in the behavior of bulk density, and the influence of these attributes in processes of water infiltration into the soil.
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