ImportancIa y cultIvo de la uchuva(Physalis peruviana l.) 1 GeRhaRd FiScheR 2 , PedRo JoSé alManza-MeRchán 3 , dieGo MiRanda 4 resumen -Physalis perurvianus l., es nativo del Perú y chile y desde allí ha sido llevado a américa latina, incluyendo Brasil. También fue llevado a la india, Sudáfrica y otros países. aquí se discute discutir acerca de su importancia económica, aspectos botánicos, su cultivo en varias zonas, plagas, enfermedades y pos-cosecha. palabras claves: producción, uchuva, manejo hortícola. ImportÂncIa e cultIvo do (Physalis peruviana l.) no mundoresumo-Physalis perurvianus l, foi adaptada no Peru e chile e dai levada para outros países da américa latina, incluindo Brasil além da india, áfrica do Sul e outros. neste trabalho são discutidas informações sobre seu cultivo em vários países, importancia econômica, aspectos botânicos, propagação, doenças e pragas e pós-colheita. termos para indexação: produção, physalis peruviana l., manejo.

Fruit production and quality depend on adequate source-sink relationships. Carbohydrates (CH) translocated from leaves or reserve organs are the most important for the growth and development of sink organs (mainly fruits). Up to 60% of CH produced daily can be lost through respiration. Carbohydrates constitute over 65% of the dry matter of tree crops. Increasing the leaf-fruit ratio generally increases fruit growth and CH content. Photosynthesis increases with fruit load and the leaves next to fruits are strong sources for CH. The leaf-fruit ratio is species, cultivar and geographic location dependent. The optimal leaf area in various species is 200 cm 2 per 100 g of fruit.Additional key words: carbohydrates, translocation, starch, leaf-fruit ratio. RESUMENLa producción y calidad de frutos depende de una adecuada relación fuente-vertedero. Los carbohidratos (CH) de la planta, traslocados de las hojas o de los órganos de reserva, son de crucial importancia para el crecimiento y desarrollo de los órganos vertedero (principalmente frutos). Hasta un 60% de CH diariamente producidos pueden ser gastados en la respiración. Los CH pueden constituir más del 65% de la materia seca de los cultivos arbóreos. Con el aumento de la tasa hoja-fruto, generalmente el crecimiento del fruto y su contenido de CH aumentan. La fotosíntesis aumenta a medida que incrementa la carga de los frutos y las hojas cercanas a ellos son las más estimuladas. La tasa hoja-fruto depende de la especie, la variedad y de la localización geográfica. El área foliar óptima encontrada para varias especies es de 200 cm 2 por 100 g de fruta.1 Agronomy Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota (Colombia).

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The increased concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse effect gases has led to global warming, which has resulted in climate change, increased levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and changes in the hydrological cycle, affecting the growth, development, production and quality of fruit crops, which undoubtedly will be difficult to predict and generalize because the physiological processes of plants are multidimensional. This review outlines how the effects of high/low solar radiation, temperature, water stress from droughts, flooding and rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere affect fruit crops and their growth and physiology.

Waterlogging stress in cape gooseberry plants 393 Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat. 38(149) AbstractClimate change has altered normal rainfall cycles; causing the flooding of arable land and, thus, affecting agricultural production in Colombia. Two-month-old cape gooseberry plants, propagated by seeds, were subjected to different durations of continuous waterlogging in a greenhouse: 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days, with evaluations up to 50 days. The plants were placed in ditches covered with polyethylene and filled with water up to 5 cm above the substrate surface of the pots. The parameters evaluated were: plant height, leaf area, stem diameter, dry weight of the aerial part, root and reproductive organs, and general symptoms following a wilting scale. The 6 and 8-day-waterlogged plants were the most affected by the flooding conditions, presenting the lowest values for all the measured variables. Due to the oxygen stress in the root zone, the plants showed yellowing, epinasty, necrosis and abscission of the leaves, more so in the 8-day-waterlogged plants.Key words: Hypoxia, leaf area, dry weight, symptoms. Efecto del estrés por anegamiento sobre el crecimiento, desarrollo y sintomatología de plantas de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) ResumenEl cambio climático ha alterado el ciclo normal de las lluvias, inundando así las tierras arables y afectando la producción agrícola en Colombia. Plantas de uchuva, de 2 meses de edad, y propagadas por semilla, fueron sometidas bajo invernadero a diferentes duraciones de anegamiento continuo: 0, 2, 4, 6 y 8 días y evaluaciones hasta 50 días. Las plantas se colocaron en zanjas cubiertas con polietileno que se llenaron con agua hasta 5 cm por encima de la superficie del sustrato contenido en las macetas. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: altura de planta, área foliar, diámetro del tallo, pesos secos de parte aérea, raíz y órganos reproductivos y escala de síntomas generales de marchitamiento. Las plantas anegadas durante 6 y 8 días presentaron los valores más bajos para todas las variables evaluadas. Debido al estrés por falta de oxígeno en la rizósfera las plantas mostraron amarillamiento, epinastia, necrosis y abscisión de hojas, sobre todo en las de 8 días anegadas.Palabras clave: hipoxia, área foliar, peso seco, síntomas.

Plantulas de tomate.Foto: Álvarez-Herrera. RESUMENLa feijoa es considerada un cultivo promisorio en Colombia, por su potencial de exportación, características nutracéuticas y uso agroindustrial. Los diferentes estudios poscosecha indican que los frutos de feijoa presentan comportamiento típico climatérico, con elevadas tasas respiratorias y de producción de etileno, requiriendo refrigeración poscosecha inmediata para preservar su calidad (temperatura de 4 a 10ºC; humedad relativa de 90-95%). A medida que transcurre el periodo poscosecha, aumentan la pérdida de peso y el pH, y disminuye la firmeza del fruto. Los resultados son contradictorios en cuanto a la tendencia de los sólidos solubles y de la acidez titulable, influenciados probablemente por las características varietales, edad de la planta y por las condiciones climáticas y de cultivo a que hayan estado expuestos. ABSTRACTDue to its export potential, nutraceutical characteristics and agro-industrial use, the pineapple guava is considered a promising crop in Colombia. Different postharvest studies have indicated that the fruit has a typical climacteric behavior with high respiration rates and ethylene production, requiring immediate postharvest refrigeration to preserve its quality (temperatures of 4-10°C, 90-95% relative humidity). As the postharvest period elapses, fruit weight loss and pH increase; and fruit firmness decreases. The results are contradictory for the tendency of soluble solids and titratable acidity, probably influenced by varietal characteristics, plant age and climatic and growing conditions.

In order to review the literature on the ecophysiology of the cape gooseberry, it was found that this typical Andean plant, in Colombia adapts to a wide altitudinal range of the tropical cold climate, that is, between 1,800 and 2,800 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.), with optimal medium temperatures between 13 and 16°C and base (minimum) temperatures for stem and fruit growth are relatively low, 6.3 and 1.9°C, respectively, however it does not withstand temperatures <0°C. Likewise, the Andean conditions of the tropics such as high solar radiation and day lengths <12 hours, rather short, favor the flower initiation. 1,500-2,000 hours year-1 of direct sunshine are the most favorable for the size, quality and ripening of the fruit. Under field conditions in Bogota, a photosynthesis rate of A = 10.545 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 and light compensation point Ic = 13.645 μmol photons m-2 s-1 was measured. As a plant with an indeterminate growth habit, a constant supply of water is essential, while high amounts or heavy rains after a dry season cause cracking of the fruits, just as the plant does not tolerate waterlogging for more than 4 days. Cape gooseberry is classified as moderately tolerant to salinity and 30 mMol NaCl curiously promote growth, having mechanisms, such as increased antioxidant activity, to protect against saline conditions.

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