In open storage piles in bulk solids port terminals, power stations and cement factories, not only the solid and porous barrier behaviour in front of the pile is important, but also the effect that porous and solid barriers produce when they are behind the pile.Considering the dust propagation behind the pile, the solid barriers are more effective than the porous ones. But, the effect of the porous barriers on the wind velocity distribution, mainly in zones between the barriers and the piles should be taken into account, regarding the total dust emission to the atmosphere and its propagation.In these studies, wind and dust concentration measurements in laboratory and field were carried out. A hot-wire anemometer (Velocicalc Plus (TSI)) was used in the wind study and two dust collectors (E-Sampler, Met One Instruments, Inc., Oregon, USA) were used to measure the dust concentration (Total Particle like PM10); a meteorological station (E-Sampler, Met One Instruments, Inc., Oregon, USA) attached to a PM10 collector was also employed.All these measurements were used to adjust the 3D CFD computational model (Ansys CFX 10.0): In the wind case through a k-epsilon turbulence model and the dust case by Lagrangian method.These adjusted models allow us to carry out several simulations combining the effect of solid and porous fences in front of and behind the pile, as well as pile shape modifications and behaviour analysis according to the dust emission from several special configurations and its relation to the wind gust preferential directions.
Ecopetrol's recent Gibraltar discovery was made in a previously little known area of the northern Llanos foothills of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. The structure at Gibraltar is complex and comprises a thrust stack with which are associated hangingwall anticlines providing four‐way closures (or three‐way against a sealing fault). The Gibraltar‐I well was originally drilled by Occidental in 2002. According to Ecopetrol's subsequent structural reinterpretation, this well penetrated the back limb of a fault propagation fold. This structural model was confirmed with a sidetrack well which penetrated the Palaeocene Barco Formation and demonstrated the presence of light hydrocarbons.
A second objective of well re‐entry at Gibraltar was to investigate the Eocene Mirador Formation, a major reservoir unit elsewhere in the Llanos foothills, in case of missed or bypassed pay. Tests of the Mirador Formation verified the presence of high quality 57° API degree condensate that flowed at a rate of 690 barrels per day together with 44 million cubic feet of rich gas per day.
The success at Gibraltar will hopefully encourage further exploration developments in this remote and structurally‐complex region.
In underground works, the continual consciousness of geological and geomechanical properties of rock mass during drilling, is of major importance to optimize the works and the equipment used. In this paper, the mathematical relationship obtained from tunnel excavations, considering percussion drilling for blasting by a drilling machine and by a tunnel boring machine (TBM) are exposed. These mathematical relationships are useful in the percussion drilling case, to adjust the drilling parameter recorder (DPR) tools, and in the case of TBM to predict the rock mass geomechanical index (RMR). Taking into account the complexity of these mathematical models obtained, as a consequence of the affected variables and their relations, a fuzzy logic model based on parameters accessible to the drilling machine has been used in tricone bit drilling.
The perforation parameter measure was introduced in geological prospecting and in the mining, petrol and gas industry, becoming an efficient tool allowing one to identify in detail and predict the geological and geomechanical characteristics while drilling is being carried out. The field measures and the calibration requirements of the tools and equipment used, which constitute the main obstacle in the prediction model establishment. Analogously, in underground excavations, the continuous knowledge of the rock mass, geological and geomechanical properties in front of the excavation wall during the operations, is of great importance in designing optimum, and also in the planning of the work carried out by this equipment and machinery. Through intense work measure campaigns, in the present work, the mathematical relations obtained in tunnel boring through a percussion perforation in blasting by a jumbo and a tunnel boring machine (TBM) are shown. Considering percussion perforation blasting for the models establishment or for the drilling parameters recorders (DPR) and tool adjustment, parameters such as uniaxial compressive strength, specific cut energy and destructive energy were used. Considering TBM and taking into account the high variable number that intervene in the tunnel boring process and also based on easily obtained parameters such as the already defined specific cut energy and the penetration index, we have reached a relation between the latter parameters and the rock mass rating index (RMR), which allows to adjust and subsequently predict the geological exploration from data which were previously carried out (were carried out previously to the project).
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