Appropriate tools for early detection, selection of rational and safer AED treatment options, and regular monitoring for adverse effects play a crucial role in achieving seizure freedom and optimal QOL in patients with epilepsy.

a b s t r a c tBackground: A wide variation exists in the patterns of pharmacotherapy among patients admitted with cardiovascular diseases. Very few studies have evaluated the potential determinants of drug utilization. Our objective was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and patterns of cardiovascular drug utilization among patients in coronary care unit (CCU) and assess the determinants of cardiovascular drug use among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the medical records of CCU patients were reviewed independently by two trained physicians over one year. Patients were analyzed as two groups e those with CAD and without CAD. Multivariate logistic regression was done to identify the determinants of cardiovascular drug utilization in the CAD group. Results: Of 574 patients, 65% were males, 57% were <60 years. The five commonly prescribed drug classes were platelet inhibitors (88.7%), statins (76.3%), ACE-inhibitors/Angiotensin receptor blockers (72%), beta-blockers (58%) and heparin (57%). Poly-pharmacy (>5 drugs) was noticed in 71% of patients. A majority of patients had diagnosis of CAD (72.6%). CAD patients received significantly higher median number of drugs and had longer duration of CCU stay (p < 0.0001). Renal dysfunction for ACE-inhibitors [0.18 (0.09e0.36)], ST-elevation myocardial infarction for calcium channel blockers [0.29 (0.09e0.93)] and brady-arrhythmias for beta-blockers [0.3 (0.2e0.7)] were identified as determinants of decreased drug use in CAD group. Conclusion: Predominance of male gender, age <60 and poly-pharmacy was observed in CCU. Antithrombotics, statins, ACE-inhibitors/Angiotensin receptor blockers and beta-blockers were the most frequently prescribed drugs. Clinical co-morbidities (renal dysfunction, arrhythmias) decreased the utilization of ACE-inhibitors, beta-blockers among CAD patients.

An elderly man, who presented initially with clinical features of dementia, was found to havc an intracranial tension aerocele due to an underlying osteoma of the frontal sinus. Plain skull roentgenograms and computerized tomography did not reveal the osteoma, although a communication between thc frontal sinus and the aerocele was present. Surgical aspiration of the aerocele and excision of the osteoma produced an excellent clinical result.

INTRODUCTIONThis study aimed to examine age-and gender-related differences in the comorbidities, drug utilisation and adverse drug reaction (ADR) patterns of patients admitted to a coronary care unit (CCU). MeThODsThe present study was a retrospective cohort study. Two trained physicians independently reviewed the case records of CCU patients over a period of one year (Jan-Dec 2008). The demographic, clinical, and drug prescription data of the patients were analysed according to age group (18-59 years vs ≥ 60 years) and gender.ResUlTs A total of 574 patients were admitted to the CCU during the study period. Of these 574 patients, 65.2%were male, and 48.4% were ≥ 60 years old. No significant gender-based differences were found for the prescription of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular drugs, and ADR patterns (p > 0.05). Male patients aged ≥ 60 years were found to have a higher rate of polypharmacy than those aged 18-59 years (p = 0.001). The duration of hospital stay was longer in male than female patients (p = 0.008), and the duration of CCU stay was longer for male patients aged ≥ 60 years than males aged 18-59 years (p = 0.013). Compared to patients aged 18-59 years, a greater number of patients aged ≥ 60 years were prescribed cardiovascular (p = 0.006) and non-cardiovascular drugs (p = 0.015). Patients aged ≥ 60 years also had a higher rate of polypharmacy (p = 0.001) and ADRs (p = 0.013), and a longer duration of CCU stay (p = 0.013). Renal (p = 0.047) and cutaneous (p = 0.003) ADRs were found to be more common in patients aged ≥ 60 years. CONClUsIONNo major gender-related differences were observed in the prescription, drug utilisation and ADR patterns of our study cohort. Higher drug utilisation, ADR rates, and longer duration of CCU stay were noted in patients aged ≥ 60 years.

Timely and accurate mealtime insulin dosing can be an ongoing challenge for people with type 1 diabetes. This multinational, online study aimed to explore attitudes and behaviors around mealtime insulin dosing and the impact of mealtime dose timing, particularly with regard to premeal dosing (15–20 minutes before a meal). Although the majority of surveyed participants (96%) recognized the importance of accurate mealtime bolus insulin dosing, only a small proportion (35%) reported being “very confident” in accurate bolus insulin estimation. Given the choice, the majority of participants would prefer to administer insulin immediately before or after a meal, as this timing would improve their quality of life.