Using meta-analytic procedures, this study examined the overall effect of exercise training interventions on quality of life (QOL) among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). We searched MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO and CURRENT CONTENTS PLUS for the period of 1960 to November 2006 using the key words exercise, physical activity and physical fitness in conjunction with QOL and MS. We further conducted a manual search of bibliographies of the retrieved papers as well as literature reviews and contacted study authors about additional studies. Twenty-five journal articles were located and reviewed, and only 13 provided enough data to compute effect sizes expressed as Cohen's d. One hundred and nine effect sizes were retrieved from the 13 studies with 484 MS participants and yielded a weighted mean effect size of g=0.23 (95% CI=0.15, 0.31). There were larger effects associated with MS-specific measures of QOL and fatigue as an index of QOL. The nature of the exercise stimulus further influenced the magnitude of the mean effect size. The cumulative evidence supports that exercise training is associated with a small improvement in QOL among individuals with MS.
Models of spatial updating attempt to explain how representations of spatial relationships between the actor and objects in the environment change as the actor moves. In allocentric models, object locations are encoded in an external reference frame, and only the actor's position and orientation in that reference frame need to be updated. Thus, spatial updating should be independent of the number of objects in the environment (set size). In egocentric updating models, object locations are encoded relative to the actor, so the location of each object relative to the actor must be updated as the actor moves. Thus, spatial updating efficiency should depend on set size. We examined which model better accounts for human spatial updating by having people reconstruct the locations of varying numbers of virtual objects either from the original study position or from a changed viewing position. In consistency with the egocentric updating model, object localization following a viewpoint change was affected by the number of objects in the environment.
This study examined the validity of scores from measures of physical activity among individuals with multiple sclerosis. Participants (N = 196) completed 2 self-report measures of physical activity, and wore a pedometer and an accelerometer for a 7-day period. There was a large correlation between scores from the objective devices (r = 0.82) and a moderate correlation between scores from the self-report surveys (r = 0.37). The correlations across measurement methods were moderate-to-large in magnitude (range of r = 0.32-0.53). Our results provide a stronger and more compelling basis for the validity of scores from measures of physical activity among individuals with multiple sclerosis.
This study examined the effects of several properties of a simulated in-vehicle-task (IVT) on interference with a concurrent tracking task, which simulated vehicle control. We compared auditory, visual and redundant delivery of IVT dormation, under conditions when the visual display was close and separated from the tmckmg task. In the first experiment we varied whether the tracking or the TVT was emphasized, and in the second experiment we added instruction in the use of redundant displays. IVT messages varied in length. The results from 20 participants in each experiment revealed (a) an effect of priority on the tracking task only, suggesting that separate resources were used for each task, (b) an advantage for auditory over visual delivery only when the visual display was separated, suggesting that visual costs relate to peripheral, not central resources, (c) no benefit and sometimes noticeable costs for the redundant display, compared to the single modality displays in experiment 1, and (d) a0 improvement in performance with redundant displays when training was given in experiment 2. The results have a positive bearing on the use of head-up (adjacent) displays for complex information. Navon, D., & Gopher, D. (1979). On the ec~~lomy of the human-prowwing system PsychologicalRevim, 86(3), 214-255. Seagull, F. J., Wickens, C. D., & W, RG. When is less more? Attention and workload in auditory, visual, and redundant patient-monitoring conditions.
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