Redundancy, modality, and priority in dual task interference

Supporting Interruption Management and Multimodal Interface Design

“…With respect to auditory-visual redundancy, whereby the same information is presented in both channels, very few meta-analyses have surveyed the performance costs and benefits of redundant versus single-modality presentation for an interrupting and an ongoing task. The existing data offer no consistent conclusions (e.g., Wickens et al, 2011; Wickens & Gosney, 2003). Redundancy may result in increased accuracy; however, the dual information-processing load of reading and listening imposed by redundancy can delay the time to process information and therefore reduce efficiency.…”

“…The best of the two single-modality conditions was used in all cases. This single-modality baseline definition was chosen, because only with such a baseline can we assure that human information processing is truly exploiting redundancy and not just filtering the poorer of the two single modalities (see Wickens & Gosney, 2003). A redundancy ratio greater than 1.0 indicated a redundancy gain and one less than 1.0 indicated a redundancy cost.…”

Enhanced Perception and Performance by Multimodal Threat Cueing in Simulated Combat Vehicle

“…Furthermore, Wickens and Gosney (2003) specify five different redundancy effects of combined visual and auditory display information that can be used in assessing effects of multimodal displays. The effects are (a) gestalt—the whole is better than the parts (performance with multimodal display is better than each included modality), (b) best of both worlds—performance with multimodal display is equal to single included modality with best performance, (c) averaging—performance with multimodal display is equal to the mean performance of included modalities, (d) worst of both worlds—performance with multimodal display is equal to single included modality with the worst performance, and (e) antigestalt—performance with multimodal display is worse than performance with each included modality.…”

An On-Road Study of Head-Up Display: Preferred Location and Acceptance Levels

“…Redundancy is when similar information is presented in two display locations simultaneously; in this case speed information was shown in both the HUD and HDD and in this experiment the drivers chose the HUD over the HDD. Previous research has also shown that redundant information was not been advantageous for dual-task situations (Wickens & Gosney, 2003;Normark, Gärling, & Tretten, 2009).…”