Journalism is immersed in a context of significant changes. Technological innovations, the Internet and digitisation combined with a double-industry structure and a contextual crisis are the basis of this complex situation that has generated a strong decrease in revenues. This paper analyses one basic element of the redefinition of the journalism sector: the emergence of new business models in a digital convergence scenario. A case study methodology is used to analyse the strategy developed by the key Spanish newspaper editorial groups Prisa, Unidad Editorial SA (Unedisa) and Vocento. By utilising this approach, we are able to analyse the position of these editorial groups as they attempt to define the current sector and to face changes in the digital era.

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Journalism is undergoing a strong restructuring of its labour market due to the consequences of the economic crisis and the technological innovations. Discussions on the search for new formulas for job creation are centred on the emergence of entrepreneurial journalism. Spain is a paradigmatic example of this phenomenon because between 2008 and 2014, 454 news media outlets were created. The rise of entrepreneurial journalism raises many questions and challenges that affect all areas of journalism. One is their introduction in journalism education and the views of journalism students. The aim of this article is to analyse the perceptions regarding entrepreneurship held by those who will be future journalists and who are now receiving their education in the classroom. Our goal is to find out what knowledge journalism students have about entrepreneurship and the skills that are deemed essential. We evaluate the willingness of journalism students to develop their own business project and the major barriers and obstacles. The methodology uses a quantitative approach based on surveys in Spain (N=184). The results suggest an increase of the willingness in students to engage in entrepreneurship. However, students also have a negative and disenchanted view of journalism as they progress in their studies.

Journalism is undergoing a strong restructuring of its labour market due to the consequences of the economic crisis and the technological innovations. Discussions on the search for new formulas for job creation are centred on the emergence of entrepreneurial journalism. Spain is a paradigmatic example of this phenomenon because between 2008 and 2014, 454 news media outlets were created. The rise of entrepreneurial journalism raises many questions and challenges that affect all areas of journalism. One is their introduction in journalism education and the views of journalism students. The aim of this article is to analyse the perceptions regarding entrepreneurship held by those who will be future journalists and who are now receiving their education in the classroom. Our goal is to find out what knowledge journalism students have about entrepreneurship and the skills that are deemed essential. We evaluate the willingness of journalism students to develop their own business project and the major barriers and obstacles. The methodology uses a quantitative approach based on surveys in Spain (N=184). The results suggest an increase of the willingness in students to engage in entrepreneurship. However, students also have a negative and disenchanted view of journalism as they progress in their studies.

IntroductionmRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination has been widely used to arrest the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Rarely, autoimmune events such as relapses in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have been reported after vaccination. However, the possible effects of vaccination in a patient already experiencing the symptoms of a relapse represent an unusual scenario that has not been described.Patients and MethodsThis is a retrospective case series of four patients from three major tertiary referral centers that received mRNA COVID-19 vaccination after starting with symptoms of acute demyelination of the central nervous system due to non-recognized MS. A detailed description of each case, including MRI studies, serum light-neurofilament levels, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokine profile, is provided.Case DescriptionAll patients presented exacerbation of ongoing symptoms after vaccination (range 14–112 days first dose). All patients presented MRI features suggestive of highly active MS and fulfilled McDonald 2017 criteria at the time of presentation. All patients presented high serum light-neurofilament levels and oligoclonal G bands restricted to the CSF. Higher levels of interleukin-6 in the CSF were present in the more severe cases.DiscussionWe describe exacerbation of relapses after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. We hypothesize RNA sensors such as Toll-like receptor 7 may be activated and contribute to amplify the inflammatory response during a relapse.ConclusionPatients should seek medical attention if experiencing acute neurological symptoms, especially before vaccination. Fast diagnostic procedures and prompt treatment should be performed in these patients. Pharmacovigilance and further study are warranted to confirm causality.

Introducción. El ecosistema mediático se rige por una nueva economía donde los medios tradicionales pierden su posición hegemónica frente a las compañías tecnológicas. A pesar de la creciente presencia de estas empresas en los productos y servicios mediáticos, existen pocos estudios académicos que examinen la transformación desde una perspectiva estructural. Metodología. Este artículo aporta un completo análisis sobre los grupos de Internet Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple y Microsoft (GAFAM), que permite valorar el impacto que imprimen sobre los media. A partir de una amplia base bibliográfica, prensa especializada e informes corporativos e institucionales, examinamos el crecimiento de la conexión entre los GAFAM y el contenido mediático, así como su capacidad para establecer patrones que condicionan el futuro desarrollo de las industrias creativas y culturales en el escenario económico digital. Resultados. Los resultados nos permiten observar la posición central de los GAFAM en la economía digital y muestran las claves de desarrollo para las industrias mediáticas en este ecosistema. [EN] Introduction. The media ecosystem is governed by a new economy where traditional media are losing their hegemonic position to technologic companies. Despite the growing presence of these companies in media products and services, there are few academic studies examining their transformation from a structural perspective. Methods. This article provides a complete analysis of the Internet giants Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple and Microsoft (GAFAM), which allows us to assess their impact on the media. Based on the review of scientific literature, the specialised press and corporate and institutional reports, the article examines the increasing connection between GAFAM and http://www.revistalatinacs.org/074paper/1358/41es.html Pages 804 media content, as well as their capacity to establish patterns that shape the future development of the cultural and creative industries in the digital economy. Results. The results confirm that GAFAM play a central role in the digital economy and identify the key concepts of development for the media industries operating within this ecosystem.

El crudo pesado, por su alta viscosidad, requiere de mayor energía para su transporte debido a que produce disminución en la eficiencia de las bombas de transferencia. En esta investigación, se evaluó el efecto de productos reductores de viscosidad a nivel de laboratorio y en pruebas de campo. En los ensayos de laboratorio se probaron cuatro tipos de reductores de viscosidad en un crudo del oriente ecuatoriano y se elaboraron curvas de temperatura de calentamiento y enfriamiento de 40 a 80°C con dosificaciones de 400, 550, 700 y 1 000 ppm. El crudo utilizado en el estudio presentó 38% BS&W y 19,5°API. El producto que entregó los mejores resultados fue el denominado VRX-02, con dosificación de 700 ppm. Las pruebas en campo se realizaron para evaluar la eficiencia del aditivo VRX-02, se inyectó este producto en una línea de transferencia de 15 km. Se obtuvo una reducción de viscosidad del crudo del 28% a la temperatura operación de 30°C. Se registró un incremento en la transferencia de 198 barriles de fluido total (agua y crudo) por día (BFPD) y un incremento de crudo seco de 249 barriles por día (BOPD), debido a que el químico actúa también como rompedor de emulsión y permite una mejor separación del crudo y el agua. Con los resultados obtenidos se realizó el diseño de un sistema de inyección del aditivo y se evaluó económicamente el proyecto. A través de indicadores financieros se determinó que la instalación del sistema de reducción de viscosidad sea favorable.