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Fathers who are less involved may be buffered from experiencing the impact of their child's health condition. Differences in involvement rather than other gender differences may explain discrepancies in mothers' and fathers' illness perceptions.

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Objective: To identify barriers and motivators for reducing secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) for families of African-American, lowincome, urban children. Method: Audiotaped intervention sessions of 52 African-American caregivers of Head Start children who reported being a smoker and/or had at least one smoker in the home were randomly sampled from a larger trial examining the effectiveness of a motivational-interviewing intervention in reducing child's SHSe. Counseling sessions were qualitatively coded to identify barriers and motivators to implementing a home smoking ban or quitting smoking.Results: African-American families identified several themes that were either or both barriers and motivators for SHSe reduction, including: asking others not to smoke, other family living in the home, neighborhood safety, absence of childcare, cost/availability of cessation tools, physician support and prevention of health problems. Discussion: Urban, low-income AfricanAmerican families face numerous barriers to reducing SHSe. Families were able to identify many motivators for reducing SHSe, suggesting an awareness of the importance for SHSe reduction but uncertainty in their confidence to change behaviors. Counseling should include tailoring to be most effective in supporting health behavior change. Greater emphasis on motivators is needed, such as low-cost/free cessation tools, engagement from physicians and greater involvement of extended family members.

The FAKT was determined to have strong psychometrics and be appropriately reliable and valid, with clinical and research applications.

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Background Beliefs about medication have been associated with adherence in other diseases but there are no existing disease-specific medication beliefs questionnaires for CF. This mixed-methods validated the Cystic Fibrosis Medication Belief Questionnaire (CF-MBQ), based on social cognitive theory. Methods Based on previous research items were developed for five domains: motivation, self-efficacy, perceived importance, and decisional balance to take or miss medications. Cognitive interviews were conducted with 15 adult patients with CF to refine item development. 128 patients with CF completed an online survey and objective medication adherence was measured using pharmacy refill data. Results The five subscales demonstrated strong psychometric properties, with adequate-to-good internal consistency scores. More importantly, each domain demonstrated construct validity with adherence. Conclusions These theoretically-derived measures may be important for clinical purposes to provide guidance on appropriate interventions to improve adherence and for research to provide enhanced understanding on patient determinants of medication adherence.