No abstract

Soil beetles' communities are responsible for many ecosystem services, and are very sensitive to environmental changes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the abundance and diversity of the soil coleoptera fauna under uses and management and also to identify relationships of the beetle community with soil's physical and chemical properties. The experiment had six experimental plots set up an Oxisol (Latossolo): corn (CO), soybean (SO), 7-year-old eucalyptus (EI), 4-year-old eucalyptus (EII), preserved Cerrado (PC), and disturbed Cerrado (DC). Soil beetles were sampled at 128 points for each experimental plot, where the soil physical and chemical properties were analyzed. The Coleoptera fauna organisms were identified at the family, subfamily, and gender level, and then, the number of individuals per day, richness, Shannon diversity indexes, and Pielou evenness were determined. The data were analyzed using multivariate techniques (hierarchical grouping and factor analysis). On total, 750 specimens of beetles were collected, distributed into 9 families, 14 subfamilies, and 27 genera. The most abundant family was Scarabaeidae (11 genera) with the highest occurrence in the PC (143 specimens) and DC (81 specimens). Cultivation with SO presented the greatest number of trap day individuals (ind trap -1 day -1 = 0.548); however, the highest diversity was found in the PC. (20 taxonomic groups) and CO (16 taxonomic groups). Shannon diversity was higher for the CO (H' = 3.107), followed by the PC (H' = 2.699), and the lowest value was found for the SO (H' = 1.530). The similarity dendrogram grouped the plots into two extracts, demonstrating how the intensity of land use influences the abundance and diversity of beetle fauna. The factor analysis grouped the Coleoptera and the physical and chemical soil properties in two factors: elements related to the state of aggregation and porous system's elements. The Coleoptera community was influenced by the intensity of land use and the portion with anthropized natural vegetation showed the highest richness, demonstrating that the Coleoptera fauna responds to environmental changes. Edaphic beetles in the different use and management systems were primarily related to soil physical properties, which explain the state of aggregation (pH, altitude, Ca 2+ , BD, clay, macroporosity, silt, K + , and microporosity) and the porous soil system (sand and total porosity).

Resumo Países europeus tais como Alemanha, França, Dinamarca e Reino Unido possuem tecnologias e políticas de resíduos sólidos que buscam elevados índices de reaproveitamento, diminuindo significativamente a necessidade de envio aos aterros sanitários. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar o diagnóstico das condições dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) e relacionar com os impactos socioambientais em sete estados da Amazônia brasileira. A pesquisa tem caráter descritivo, baseada em dados secundários, obtidos através de pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, coletados em plataformas eletrônicas. Observa-se então que a Amazônia, mesmo com a exploração ativa de seus recursos naturais e potencial econômico, não alcança o restante do país no que diz respeito à longevidade, educação e renda, inferindo que a exploração não traz as benesses esperadas em termos de qualidade de vida para a população local. Outra problemática é o déficit nos registros de municípios que alimentam os dados no Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento (SNIS), demonstrando que a geração de RSU ultrapassa os valores aqui apresentados, pois menos da metade dos municípios da Amazônia presta esse serviço informacional obrigatório, seja prestador público ou privado. Nesse sentido, há a necessidade de mudança no paradigma de gerenciamento de resíduos.

No abstract

The mountaintops of the Atlantic Rainforest in Southeastern Brazil are dominated by high altitude grasslands, named Campos de Altitude (CA). Considering the location and the smaller habitat areas of communities on the mountaintops and the high frequency of endemic species, the assemblages in these habitats are particularly threatened by climate change, and the vulnerability of a species should then be higher if its elevational range is narrow. In this study we aim to describe the elevational range of beetle species occurring in the CA and discuss their vulnerability to local extinction in the context of climate change, also considering their trophic group. We selected beetles in five taxa from three trophic groups in the CA of Serra dos Órgãos National Park (SONP) and Itatiaia National Park (INP): detritivores (Scarabaeidae-INP), herbivores (Chrysomelidae-SONP and INP, and Curculionidae-SONP) and predators (Coccinellidae-SONP, and Lampyridae-SONP). We found different elevational ranges among the studied taxa and among species within each taxon. Herbivores tended to have narrower ranges than the detritivores, and predators were the trophic group with the broadest species range. The relatively high frequency of species with narrow elevational range, particularly within the herbivores, suggests that this entomofauna is particularly endangered due to predicted climate warming and an expected range shift upwards. Considering that many endemic species are expected in the CA and that many undescribed species of insects have been found in this habitat, we may lose many yet unknown species.

Este estudo teve por objetivo discutir a situação socioambiental nos estados que compõem a Amazônia brasileira, a partir de seus indicadores socioeconômicos, ambientais e sanitários. A área de estudo corresponde aos estados da região Norte do Brasil: Pará, Amazonas, Rondônia, Acre, Tocantins, Amapá e Roraima. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa apresenta um levantamento epidemiológico, descritivo e ecológico das doenças relacionadas ao saneamento ambiental inadequado, pautado nas notificações de doenças compulsórias e internações hospitalares. O período analisado compreendeu os anos de 2008 a 2016. Os resultados indicaram que a região Norte apresentou queda no número de internações, porém mantém-se com média acima das demais regiões. Destaca-se entre elas, a média de 399/100 mil hab./ano com internações por transmissão feco-oral e 83/100 mil hab./ano com internações para doenças transmitidas por inseto vetor, com valores sempre maiores do que a média brasileira, que foi de 109,2/100 mil hab./ano e 37,2/100 mil hab./ano, respectivamente. Este estudo demonstra que a região Norte do país não acompanha os demais estados do Brasil, e que a probabilidade de alcançar o objetivo das Nações Unidas, que diz respeito ao acesso universal e igualitário do saneamento, é improvável, principalmente em relação à priorização de pessoas em situação de vulnerabilidade, na qual a região Norte se enquadra.

Açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea) production in the Amazon region has grown rapidly in recent decades to meet both domestic and international demand for the fruit. Understanding functional roles of different insects in açaí fruit production is essential for the development of sustainable management practices and the conservation of associated biodiversity in plantations. Ants play a variety of key roles in agroecosystems, particularly as predators, but may also influence crop pollination, either directly (as legitimate pollinators) or indirectly by altering behaviour/density of other flower visitors. Here, we compare flower visitor communities, behavioural interactions between ants and flying insects and fruit production in açaí inflorescences, under the experimental exclusion of ants. Flying insects differed in their response to experimental exclusion of ants, with bees and flies found in higher abundance on inflorescences where ants had been excluded. In contrast, beetles and wasps were unaffected by ant exclosure. Among bees, only medium‐sized species, but not small‐sized and large‐sized species, were affected by the presence of ants. However, fruit production on inflorescences did not differ among ant exclosure treatments. We found clear evidence that ants interfere with flying insects visiting açaí inflorescences, but these changes do not affect açaí fruit production, likely due to the large diversity of flying insects that contribute to pollination services. Therefore, given their potential role as pest natural enemies, control of ant colonies in plantations is not recommended.

No abstract