Understanding building occupancy is critical to a wide array of applications including natural hazards loss analysis, green building technologies, and population distribution modeling. Due to the expense of directly monitoring buildings, scientists rely in addition on a wide and disparate array of ancillary and open source information including subject matter expertise, survey data, and remote sensing information. These data are fused using data harmonization methods, which refer to a loose collection of formal and informal techniques for fusing data together to create viable content for building occupancy estimation. In this paper, we add to the current state of the art by introducing the population data tables (PDT), a Bayesian model and informatics system for systematically arranging data and harmonization techniques into a consistent, transparent, knowledge learning framework that retains in the final estimation uncertainty emerging from data, expert judgment, and model parameterization. PDT aims to estimate ambient occupancy in units of people/1000 ft 2 for a number of building types at the national and sub-national level with the goal of providing global coverage. We present the PDT model, situate the work within the larger community, and report on the progress of this multi-year project.
ABSTRACT:The application of spatiotemporal (ST) analytics to integrated data from major sources such as the World Bank, United Nations, and dozens of others holds tremendous potential for shedding new light on the evolution of cultural, health, economic, and geopolitical landscapes on a global level. Realizing this potential first requires an ST data model that addresses challenges in properly merging data from multiple authors, with evolving ontological perspectives, semantical differences, and changing attributes, as well as content that is textual, numeric, categorical, and hierarchical. Equally challenging is the development of analytical and visualization approaches that provide a serious exploration of this integrated data while remaining accessible to practitioners with varied backgrounds. The WSTAMP project at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has yielded two major results in addressing these challenges: 1) development of the WSTAMP database, a significant advance in ST data modeling that integrates 10,000+ attributes covering over 200 nation states spanning over 50 years from over 30 major sources and 2) a novel online ST exploratory and analysis tool providing an array of modern statistical and visualization techniques for analyzing these data temporally, spatially, and spatiotemporally under a standard analytic workflow. We discuss the status of this work and report on major findings.
There are 876,000 miles of municipal water mains in the US-more than 5 times longer than the national highway system. Moreover, community water systems include over 1.8 million miles of network pipes (2002).• The average age of drinking water infrastructure in the US is over 40 years of a 50-year design life. Some pipes date back to the 1880s.• The conditions of many of these pipes are unknown, as they are buried underground out of sight and are owned and operated by various local entities.• Up to 20,000 miles of pipe will need to be replaced annually, beginning 2035.• The nationwide system of wastewater infrastructure includes 600,000 miles of sanitary sewers and 200,000 miles of storm sewers. Aging sewer systems spill about 1.26 trillion gallons of untreated sewage every single year.• Since 2000, the US suffered over 5.1 million broken water mains (240,000 breaks per year), most of them caused by corrosion.• Failures in drinking water infrastructure result in water disruption, impediments to emergency response, health issues, and damage to other types of infrastructure, such as roadways.• In 2013 the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), in its Report Card for America's Infrastructure, gave an overall grade of "D" for the state of critical water/wastewater infrastructure.• According to ASCE, "Every day, six billion gallons of drinking water disappears, mostly due to old, leaky pipes and water mains. That is enough water to serve the population of a state the size of California" (2005).• The US Conference of Mayors in their "Open Letter to the Next President of the United States" of September 2008 expressed alarm that "35% of cities in a Conference of Mayors survey do not know where their water supply will come from by 2025."• Leaking pipes are a concern for most cities, which can lose anywhere from 5 to 40% of their water.• On December 14, 2015, a state of emergency due to "out-of-control corrosion" was declared in Flint, MI, after state and local government officials ignored, for more than 18 months, irrefutable evidence that the water pumped from the Flint River exposed residents to extreme toxicity. "There are potential Flints all over the Northeast and Midwest," Rep. Duncan (R-TN) said in August 2016.
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