Prevalence of potentially preventable unplanned hospitalizations caused by therapeutic failures and adverse drug withdrawal events among older veterans.

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Background: Mammography screening can reduce breast cancer mortality, but most women are unaware that it can cause overdetection of inconsequential disease, leading to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Our objective was to determine whether including overdetection information in a decision aid improved informed choice about breast screening among women around age 50 years.

Jansen and colleagues explore the role of shared decision making in tackling inappropriate polypharmacy in older adults Too much medicine is an increasingly recognised problem, 1 2 and one manifestation is inappropriate polypharmacy in older people. Polypharmacy is usually defined as taking more than five regular prescribed medicines.3 It can be appropriate (when potential benefits outweigh potential harms) 4 but increases the risk of older people experiencing adverse drug reactions, impaired physical and cognitive function, and hospital admission. [5][6][7] There is limited evidence to inform polypharmacy in older people, especially those with multimorbidity, cognitive impairment, or frailty.8 Systematic reviews of medication withdrawal trials (deprescribing) show that reducing specific classes of medicines may decrease adverse events and improve quality of life. [9][10][11] Two recent reviews of the literature on deprescribing stressed the importance of patient involvement and shared decision making.12 13 Patients and clinicians typically overestimate the benefits of treatments and underestimate their harms.14 When they engage in shared decision making they become better informed about potential outcomes and as a result patients tend to choose more conservative options (eg, fewer medicines), facilitating deprescribing. 15 However, shared decision making in this context is not easy, and there is little guidance on how to do it. 16 We draw together evidence from the psychology, communication, and decision making literature (see appendix on thebmj.com). For each step of the shared decision making process we describe the unique tasks required for deprescribing decisions; identify challenges for older adults, their companions, and clinicians (figure); give practical advice on how challenges may be overcome; highlight where more work is needed; and identify priorities for future research (table). 17 18 Process for deprescribing with older adultsStep 1: creating awareness that options existThe clinician and patient acknowledge that a decision can be made about continuation or discontinuation of medicines, and that this requires input from both clinician and patient. When to initiate discussions about deprescribingPrescribing new medicines is often straightforward, driven by a new diagnosis, symptom, or test result. When to consider ceasing medicines is less clear.12 Possible triggers include the number of medicines taken (perhaps ≥10); a new symptom that may be an adverse effect of a medicine; identifying high risk, ineffective, or unnecessary medicines; apparent non-adherence; or changed treatment priorities. 19 Most of these situations can be identified only by a medicines review. Reviews can be triggered by important life transitions (such as hospital admission, a new diagnosis, or seeing a new doctor) and can be initiated by the clinician or patient, but they are often Older people's attitudes towards medicineClinicians may be reluctant to initiate discussions about deprescribing with older people, believing tha...

Objective To elicit women’s responses to information about the nature and extent of overdiagnosis in mammography screening (detecting disease that would not present clinically during the woman’s lifetime) and explore how awareness of overdiagnosis might influence attitudes and intentions about screening.Design Qualitative study using focus groups that included a presentation explaining overdiagnosis, incorporating different published estimates of its rate (1–10%, 30%, 50%) and information on the mortality benefit of screening, with guided group discussionsSetting Sydney, AustraliaParticipants Fifty women aged 40–79 years with no personal history of breast cancer and with varying levels of education and participation in screening.Results Prior awareness of breast cancer overdiagnosis was minimal. Women generally reacted with surprise, but most came to understand the issue. Responses to overdiagnosis and the different estimates of its magnitude were diverse. The highest estimate (50%) made some women perceive a need for more careful personal decision making about screening. In contrast, the lower and intermediate estimates (1–10% and 30%) had limited impact on attitudes and intentions, with many women remaining committed to screening. For some women, the information raised concerns, not about whether to screen but whether to treat a screen detected cancer or consider alternative approaches (such as watchful waiting). Information preferences varied: many women considered it important to take overdiagnosis into account and make informed choices about whether to have screening, but many wanted to be encouraged to be screened.Conclusions Women from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds could comprehend the issue of overdiagnosis in mammography screening, and they generally valued information about it. Effects on screening intentions may depend heavily on the rate of overdiagnosis. Overdiagnosis will be new and counterintuitive for many people and may influence screening and treatment decisions in unintended ways, underscoring the need for careful communication.

This study provides a novel typology to describe differences between older people who are happy to take multiple medicines, and those who are open to deprescribing. To enable shared decision-making, prescribers need to adapt their communication about polypharmacy based on their patients' attitudes to medicines and preferences for involvement in decisions.

Research employing the VR-CoDES-P should be applied to develop research-based approaches to maximize appropriate responses to patients' indirect and overt expressions of emotional needs.

Recall is not simply a function of patient age. Age only predicts recall when controlling for amount of information presented. Both prognosis and information about prognosis are better predictors of recall than age. These results provide important insights into intervention strategies to improve information recall in patients with cancer.