While atomoxetine has noradrenergic activity, increases in pulse and blood pressure were small and of little, if any, clinical significance. Atomoxetine was not associated with QT interval prolongation. Cardiovascular effects of atomoxetine were minimal, and atomoxetine was well tolerated in short- and long-term studies.

Removal of dissolved organic and inorganic contaminants is an anticipated benefit of the biofiltration of drinking water; however, common biofiltration design and operational practices do not seek to enhance the biological activities associated with those removals. A pilot‐scale study identified two enhancement strategies—nutrient and peroxide dosing—that improved both water quality and hydraulic performance of a biofilter. These strategies control the formation of extracellular polymeric substances (a potential foulant of biological filters) while maintaining or increasing microbial activity. Biofilter nutrient enhancement was found to decrease terminal head loss by ~ 15% relative to a control filter with no nutrient enhancement. Nutrient enhancement also sustainably decreased breakthrough of 2‐methylisoborneol (MIB), manganese (Mn), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Peroxide enhancement was performed to increase oxidative action of biofilter microorganisms and promote the oxidation of inactive biomass. Peroxide enhancement decreased terminal head loss up to ~ 60% relative to the control filter, while maintaining MIB, Mn, and DOC treatment performance. This case study is an important step in moving the practice of biofiltration from a passive process to a purposefully operated biological system, i.e., engineered biofiltration.

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Phosphorus was added as a nutrient to bench-scale and pilot-scale biologically active carbon (BAC) reactors operated for perchlorate and nitrate removal from contaminated groundwater. The two bioreactors responded similarly to phosphorus addition in terms of microbial community function (i.e., reactor performance), while drastically different responses in microbial community structure were detected. Improvement in reactor performance with respect to perchlorate and nitrate removal started within a few days after phosphorus addition for both reactors. Microbial community structures were evaluated using molecular techniques targeting 16S rRNA genes. Clone library results showed that the relative abundance of perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB) Dechloromonas and Azospira in the bench-scale reactor increased from 15.2% and 0.6% to 54.2% and 11.7% after phosphorus addition, respectively. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) experiments revealed that these increases started within a few days after phosphorus addition. In contrast, after phosphorus addition, the relative abundance of Dechloromonas in the pilot-scale reactor decreased from 7.1 to 0.6%, while Zoogloea increased from 17.9 to 52.0%. The results of this study demonstrated that similar operating conditions for bench-scale and pilot-scale reactors resulted in similar contaminant removal performances, despite dramatically different responses from microbial communities. These findings suggest that it is important to evaluate the microbial community compositions inside bioreactors used for drinking water treatment, as they determine the microbial composition in the effluent and impact downstream treatment requirements for drinking water production. This information could be particularly relevant to drinking water safety, if pathogens or disinfectant-resistant bacteria are detected in the bioreactors.

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SUMMARY Thermotactic behavior in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegansexhibits long-term plasticity. On a spatial thermal gradient, C. elegans tracks isotherms near a remembered set-point(TS) corresponding to its previous cultivation temperature. When navigating at temperatures above its set-point(T>TS), C. elegans crawls down spatial thermal gradients towards the TS in what is called cryophilic movement. The TS retains plasticity in the adult stage and is reset by ∼4 h of sustained exposure to a new temperature. Long-term plasticity in C. elegans thermotactic behavior has been proposed to represent an associative learning of specific temperatures conditioned in the presence or absence of bacterial food. Here,we use quantitative behavioral assays to define the temperature and food-dependent determinants of long-term plasticity in the different modes of thermotactic behavior. Under our experimental conditions, we find that starvation at a specific temperature neither disrupts TSresetting toward the starvation temperature nor induces learned avoidance of the starvation temperature. We find that prolonged starvation suppresses the cryophilic mode of thermotactic behavior. The hen-1 and tax-6 genes have been reported to affect associative learning between temperature and food-dependent cues. Under our experimental conditions,mutation in the hen-1 gene, which encodes a secreted protein with an LDL receptor motif, does not significantly affect thermotactic behavior or long-term plasticity. Mutation in the tax-6 calcineurin gene abolishes thermotactic behavior altogether. In summary, we do not find evidence that long-term plasticity requires association between temperature and the presence or absence of bacterial food.

Non-shivering thermogenesis through mitochondrial proton uncoupling is one of the dominant thermoregulatory mechanisms crucial for normal cellular functions. The metabolic pathway for intracellular temperature rise has widely been considered as steady-state substrate oxidation. Here, we show that a transient proton motive force (pmf) dissipation is more dominant than steady-state substrate oxidation in stimulated thermogenesis. Using transient intracellular thermometry during stimulated proton uncoupling in neurons of Aplysia californica , we observe temperature spikes of ~7.5 K that decay over two time scales: a rapid decay of ~4.8 K over ~1 s followed by a slower decay over ~17 s. The rapid decay correlates well in time with transient electrical heating from proton transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Beyond ~33 s, we do not observe any heating from intracellular sources, including substrate oxidation and pmf dissipation. Our measurements demonstrate the utility of transient thermometry in better understanding the thermochemistry of mitochondrial metabolism.

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