The control of disinfection byproducts and their precursors in biologically active filtration processes

Liu, Chao; Olivares, Christopher I.; Pinto, Ameet J.; Lauderdale, Chance; Brown, Jess; Selbes, Meric; Karanfil, Tanju

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.080

Cited by 110 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Biofiltration provides water quality benefits such as improved distribution system biostability and biodegradation of organic carbon, disinfection byproduct precursors, and other contaminants, [1][2][3][4] while meeting regulatory filter effluent turbidity guidelines. 5 Monitoring biofilter efficiency may include water quality parameters such as biological activity (i.e., adenosine triphosphate (ATP)), dissolved oxygen consumption, or various organic carbon measurements (e.g., biodegradable/assimilable organic carbon, fluorescence excitation-emission matrices, size-exclusion chromatography, etc.).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of upstream chlorination on filter performance and microbial community structure of GAC and anthracite biofilters

Vera

Gerrity

Stoker

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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a Drinking water filters may be operated to promote or deter biological activity through upstream oxidant addition. While there are several water quality benefits from biofiltration, microbial growth in biofilters warrants further investigation. In this study, routine monitoring detected target DNA sequences for Naegleria fowleri in source water and Acanthamoeba spp. in source water and biofilter effluent, triggering further microbial community characterization. Full-scale anthracite and granular activated carbon (GAC) filters receiving chlorinated waters were compared in terms of effluent water quality (i.e., turbidity and particle counts), biological activity (i.e., adenosine triphosphate (ATP)), and the composition of the microbial community (i.e., 16S/18S rRNA gene sequencing, free-living amoeba). Because of rapid chlorine quenching by GAC, greater biomass development was observed in the GAC biofilter (ATP = 5 × 10 3 -5 × 10 4 pg cm −3 media) than the anthracite filter (ATP = 4 × 10 2 -1 × 10 3 pg cm −3 media). Due to possible sloughed biomass, GAC effluent also had consistently greater turbidity, particle counts, and cellular ATP than the anthracite filter. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed distinct taxonomic differences between the anthracite and GAC filters, and GAC also hosted a more diverse population (Shannon index: GAC = 3.7-5.0 and anthracite = 2.4-2.9). At the genus level, the anthracite filter contained mostly Undibacterium-like taxon (45-68%), while the GAC biofilter was dominated by Massilia (8-36%), Herbaspirillum (2-44%), and unknown Comamonadaceae (9-18%), among others. The presence of viable free-living amoebas was also detected in the GAC biofilter media. Further characterization of the eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene showed that anthracite predominantly harbored copepod Leptodiaptomus (67%), while a majority of the sequences in GAC are unknown.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of upstream chlorination on filter performance and microbial community structure of GAC and anthracite biofilters

Vera

Gerrity

Stoker

et al. 2018

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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“…In the Chick-Watson model, the bacterial disinfection efficiency (ln(N/N 0 )) is correlated with both disinfectant concentration (C) and contact time (T), which can be expressed as: ln(N/N 0 ) = Λ CW CT (9) where Λ CW is the Chick-Watson coefficient. Electric current, generated H 2 O 2 , and produced HO • as input disinfectants were investigated individually.…”

Section: Chick-watson Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, the electrochemical production of ozone relies on high voltage [6,7], and storage and transport of gaseous ozone is risky due to its high reactivity, thus it is usually produced onsite. Chlorination can result in formation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts (DBP) [8], which may require pre-chlorination approaches to minimize DBP formation and additional significant efforts to manage post-chlorination DBP concentrations [9]. UV irradiation kills microorganisms by damaging double-stranded DNA [10,11], but this strategy is ineffective in turbid conditions; moreover, cells might reverse the DNA damage through a repair mechanism [12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activated Carbon as a Cathode for Water Disinfection through the Electro-Fenton Process

Chen

Pinto

2019

Catalysts

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Unlike many other water disinfection methods, hydroxyl radicals (HO•) produced by the Fenton reaction (Fe2+/H2O2) can inactivate pathogens regardless of taxonomic identity of genetic potential and do not generate halogenated disinfection by-products. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) required for the process is typically electrogenerated using various carbonaceous materials as cathodes. However, high costs and necessary modifications to the cathodes still present a challenge to large-scale implementation. In this work, we use granular activated carbon (GAC) as a cathode to generate H2O2 for water disinfection through the electro-Fenton process. GAC is a low-cost amorphous carbon with abundant oxygen- and carbon-containing groups that are favored for oxygen reduction into H2O2. Results indicate that H2O2 production at the GAC cathode is higher with more GAC, lower pH, and smaller reactor volume. Through the addition of iron ions, the electrogenerated H2O2 is transformed into HO• that efficiently inactivated model pathogen (Escherichia coli) under various water chemistry conditions. Chick–Watson modeling results further showed the strong lethality of produced HO• from the electro-Fenton process. This inactivation coupled with high H2O2 yield, excellent reusability, and relatively low cost of GAC proves that GAC is a promising cathodic material for large-scale water disinfection.

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“…Thus, the biofilter functions efficiently and economically in removing low‐level pollutants . It has been operated as a separate process or in combination with other technologies. For example, biofiltration has also been used in conjunction with other treatment technologies such as ozonation .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of biosurfactant for the removal of trihalomethanes by biotrickling filter

Mezgebe

Sorial

Sahle‐Demessie

2019

Engineering Reports

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In this study, the biodegradation of a mixture of two trihalomethane (THM) compounds, chloroform (CF) and dichlorobromomethane (DCBM), was evaluated using two laboratory‐scale biotrickling filters (BTFs). The two BTFs, hereby designated as “BTF‐A” and “BTF‐B,” were run parallel and used ethanol as co‐metabolite at different loading rates (LRs), and a lipopeptide‐type biosurfactant that was generated by the gram‐positive bacteria, Surfactin, respectively. The results using BTF‐A showed that adding ethanol at a higher rate of 4.59 g/(m3 h) resulted in removal efficiencies of 85% and 87% for CF and DCBM, respectively. Conversely, for the same LR, the use of Surfactin without ethanol (BTF‐B) showed comparable removal efficiencies of 85% and 80% for CF and DCBM, respectively. The maximum rate constant for CF and DCBM for the BTF‐A was 0.00203 s−1 and 0.0022 s−1, respectively. For the same THMs LR, similar reaction rate constants resulted for the BTF‐B. Further studies were conducted to investigate and understand the microbial diversity within both BTFs. The result indicated that for BTF with co‐metabolite, Fusarium sp. was the most dominant fungi over 98% followed by F. Solani with less than 2%. F. oxysporum and Fusarium sp. were instead the dominant fungi for the BTF with Surfactin. Before introducing the Surfactin into the BTF, the batch experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of synthetic surfactant as compared to a biosurfactant (Surfactin). In this regard, vials with Surfactin showed better performance than vials with Tomadol 25‐7 (synthetic surfactant).

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The control of disinfection byproducts and their precursors in biologically active filtration processes

Cited by 110 publications

References 114 publications

Impact of upstream chlorination on filter performance and microbial community structure of GAC and anthracite biofilters

Impact of upstream chlorination on filter performance and microbial community structure of GAC and anthracite biofilters

Activated Carbon as a Cathode for Water Disinfection through the Electro-Fenton Process

Effectiveness of biosurfactant for the removal of trihalomethanes by biotrickling filter

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