Personality structure was assessed in 4 countries (Canada, Finland, Poland, and Germany) using both an established verbal personality inventory and a new nonverbal personality questionnaire. A 5-factor structure was found to be highly robust in that it was replicated across the 4 cultures and across the 2 personality assessment methods. The data are discussed in terms of (a) the failure to support a semantic similarity interpretation of personality item responses, (b) the factorial validity of the new nonverbal personality questionnaire, and (c) the viability of the popular 5-factor model of personality.

A new structured nonverbal measure of Murray's needs (the Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire) and an established verbal measure (the Personality Research Form) were administered to respondents in six cultures: Canada, Finland, Poland, Germany, Russia, and Hong Kong. An analysis of the psychometric properties of the nonverbal personality inventory showed generally good levels of internal consistency reliability and convergent validity across the respondent groups. Further, analyses of the factor structures of both the nonverbal and verbal inventories showed, in general, a very robust organization to the personality traits. Specifically, the factors found in each culture's data resembled the "Big Five' factors of personality. The authors summarize some of the advantages of a structured nonverbal measure of personality. They also discuss the presumed comprehensiveness of the Big Five personality factors.

Concept of Action-Oriented RepresentationAction-oriented representation is not a new idea. It may be found in Schutz's analysis of the common-sense knowledge (1962) but especially in the work of Wittgenstein (1981). He introduced the concept of language games, which give meaning to expressions generated by people and the idea of knowledge about social actions, which determined the acquisition and performance of these language games. Recently, this idea has been expressed more completely in the script concept of Schank and Abelson (1977). Empirical studies and theoretical analyses inspired by this concept are concentrated, almost exclusively on so-called situational scripts. (Abelson, 1981, Bower, Black, & Turner, 1978. It is intriguing to inquire whether more abstract and complex representations of the social world; representations of human psyche, individuals, values, ideologies, social organizations, and so forth, also have, in their natural form, an actionoriented structure.The content of action-oriented representation includes categories of action-goals, and the ways and conditions of achieving them. Basic relations that are represented are 1266 This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.

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