Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Bryan Contreras and Lance Miller for technical and computer programming support. We would also like to thank Wilton Kanavan and Michael Dohrman for assistance with data collection. We would also like to thank the aquatic director, Debbie Nethery for coordinating pool availability and lifeguard support.
Aquatic exercise (AE) continues to grow in popularity as an addition to, or alternative to landbased training 4,6,8. Recreational exercisers, athletes of varying levels, and the elderly use AE as part of their training regimen 4,9,10. Shallow water exercise (SWE) is performed with participants typically immersed from waist to axillary level 4,6,8. Because of water's greater density and dynamic viscosity, it offers more resistance to movement compared to an air medium 10. Furthermore, the buoyancy effect of water reduces impact forces on body tissues and joints. Participants can change intensity during SWE by manipulating speed, body surface area, force application, range of motion, and planes of movement 9 .
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