In the current market climate, the industry is in a time squeeze and it is crucial for future value generation to reduce the well construction time and cost. Drilling Optimization practices have helped to increase drilling efficiency while reducing the likelihood of downhole failures. To see this effort further, an adequate engineering plan to design the operation strategy, along with the understanding of the geological challenges, assists in establishing a more robust real-time optimization program. Real-time drilling optimization helps to improve drilling performance by providing early warning detection of downhole drilling events, maximum allowable deviation of planned vs. actual hydraulics and torque & drag measurements, and finding the "sweet spot" by use of drilling parameters. These processes can then further be optimized by the integration of pre-job engineering and formation evaluation measurements. Pre-job engineering seeks to ensure the BHA is able to resist vibration- related events, while the drillstring and bit are selectively examined for optimal hydraulics and resistance to torque and drag related issues. The pre-job engineering also considers ways to improve the rig’s overall efficiency, by eliminating invisible lost time while both in and out of hole. New generation of logging while drilling measurements help to provide reliable prediction of pore pressure for early warning of circulation problems, collapse events, lost circulation, blowout, and kicks. This process involves a depth-by-depth correlation between actual borehole lithology and pre-modeled unconfined / confined compressive strength (UCS/CCS). Optimized mechanical specific energy is evaluated using drilling parameters such as torque, RPM and ROP. The resulting two curves are then defined by calculating the value of MSE/CCS-UCS fraction to derive a drilling efficiency indicator. By correlating these curves, the drilling optimization team can identify geological formations that have the optimum correlation then compute the efficiency indicator for the interval, using it as baseline for drilling each hole section. This workflow guides the operations to make necessary real time adjustments to mitigate potential problems. The workflow demonstrates the integration from the pre-job engineering design to the automation of the real time integrated evaluation, along with the accuracy of the new generation of Logging While Drilling technologies as a cost-effective solution to mitigate non-productive time and optimize drilling rates through the implementation of a solid drilling optimization program during the execution of ERD, offshore and unconventional projects.
Gnotobiotic rats injected in the submandibular region with killed, whole Streptococcus mutans cells developed salivary antibodies directed to this microorganism. Increased levels of salivary IgA and inhibition and augmentation of agglutinin titers with anti-rat α-antiglobulin suggested that these antibodies were of the immunoglobulin A class. Furthermore, the rats monoinfected and immunized with homologous organisms always had lower mean caries scores than monoinfected, non-immunized rats. This reduction was evident in carious lesions on the buccal surfaces of molars and in those in sulcal areas. These results suggest that local immunization with whole S. mutans cells stimulates a specific salivary IgA response protective against caries resulting from S. mutans infection.
Pre-job engineering tasks conducted during the drilling design phase have often been an overlooked aspect regarding time and cost savings. This is a critical phase that directly impacts efficiencies and effectiveness while drilling. This paper highlights the multiple benefits of an engineering solution that automates and triggers advanced engineering computations simultaneously. The objective is to realize time savings and accuracy gains necessary for quick evaluation and resolution of the decision-making processes, while eliminating unintentional oversight on engineering requirements. The approach focuses on a fully customizable application that automates sequences of models/ actions; interpretation and validation of results, based on pre-determined criteria; and reporting functionality. This automated solution uses established workflows and conditions, and user defined calculations to conduct typical pre-drill engineering tasks. To demonstrate the tool's capabilities, two wells were reviewed by multiple engineers of varying experience levels. Each performed the pre-drill engineering tasks assigned based on proposed requirements. The outcome reviews the time taken to deliver validated engineering solutions; accuracy of result validation and ability to track compliance to standards. Results from the evaluation of these three Key Performance Indicators (KPI's) are presented and thoroughly described. The validation conducted revealed significant time efficiency gains when executing pre-engineering tasks and automatically validating each simulation (71% overall time-reduction). The accuracy of results was always guaranteed when using the automated method, with a 100% accuracy for both wells analyzed, compared to an average of 92% from the focus group. This improvement is key to ensure the delivery of flawless well designs, consistently and reliably. Additionally, the described potential for ensured compliance based on standardized rules specific to each organization, allows for repeatability and accountability, enhanced through the use of auditable trails. Automation of processes, workflows and equipment is driving the innovative and creative direction for the industry, but it should also steer toward an increase in reliability, performance and minimization of risk in every step of the well delivery process. This fully customizable engineering tool proved to be a highly efficient approach that allows users to eliminate manual, time consuming tasks while removing the potential for accidental oversight in identifying future issues before drilling begins.
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