Two experiments were conducted to evaluate dose–response and supplemental effects of whey permeate on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. In experiment (exp.) 1, 1,080 pigs weaned at 6.24 kg body weight (BW) were allotted to five treatments (eight pens/treatment) with increasing levels of whey permeate in three phases (from 10% to 30%, 3% to 23%, and 0% to 9% for phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively) fed until 11 kg BW and then fed a common phase 4 diet (0% whey permeate) until 25 kg BW in a 48-d feeding trial. Feed intake and BW were measured at the end of each phase. In exp. 2, 1,200 nursery pigs at 7.50 kg BW were allotted to six treatments (10 pens/treatment) with increasing levels of whey permeate from 0% to 18.75% fed until 11 kg BW. Feed intake and BW were measured during 11 d. Six pigs per treatment (1 per pens) were euthanized to collect the jejunum to evaluate tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8 (IL-8), transforming growth factor-beta 1, mucin 2, histomorphology, digestive enzyme activity, crypt cell proliferation rate, and jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure and a broken-line analysis using the NLIN procedure of SAS. In exp. 1, increasing whey permeate had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on feed efficiency (G:F; maximum: 1.35 at 18.3%) in phase 1. Increasing whey permeate linearly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG; 292 to 327 g/d) and G:F (0.96 to 1.04) of pigs in phase 2. In exp. 2, increasing whey permeate linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG (349 to 414 g/d) and G:F (0.78 to 0.85) and linearly increased (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation rate (27.8% to 37.0%). The breakpoint from a broken-line analysis was obtained at 13.6% whey permeate for maximal G:F. Increasing whey permeate tended to change IL-8 (quadratic, P = 0.052; maximum: 223 pg/mg at 10.9%), to decrease Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes (P = 0.073, 1.59 to 1.13), to increase (P = 0.089) Bifidobacteriaceae (0.73% to 1.11%), and to decrease Enterobacteriaceae (P = 0.091, 1.04% to 0.52%) and Streptococcaceae (P = 0.094, 1.50% to 0.71%) in the jejunal mucosa. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of whey permeate increased the growth of nursery pigs from 7 to 11 kg BW. Pigs grew most efficiently with 13.6% whey permeate. Improvement in growth performance is partly attributed to stimulating intestinal immune response and enterocyte proliferation with positive changes in jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota in nursery pigs.
Dietary lysophospholipids would influence milk composition of sows, thus positively affect intestinal health of offspring. The objective of this study was to determine effects of dietary lysophospholipids fed to lactating sows on performance, milk characteristics, gut health, and gut associated microbiome of offspring. Sixty pregnant sows were allotted to 2 treatments in a randomized complete block design with parity and BW as blocks on d 110 of gestation. Treatments were CON (no added lysophospholipids) and LPL (0.05% lysophospholipids; Lipidol-Ultra, Pathway Intermediates, Shrewsbury, UK). Sows were fed 2 kg/d from d 110 of gestation until farrowing and ad libitum after farrowing. Diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements suggested by NRC (2012). Colostrum and milk samples from 12 sows per treatment were collected to measure nutrients and immunoglobulins on d 1 and d 18 of lactation, respectively. Twelve piglets per treatment (1 piglet per litter) were euthanized on d 18 to collect tissues to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, IgA, histomorphology, crypt cell proliferation rate, and microbiota in the jejunum and colon. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and the mortality was analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was no difference in sow BW, parity, and litter size between treatments on d 0 of lactation. Sows fed LPL had increased (P < 0.05) litter BW gain (53.9 vs. 59.4 kg) and decreased piglet mortality (13.9 vs. 10.6%) on d 18 of lactation. Sows fed LPL had increased (P < 0.05) omega-6:omega-3 (22.1 vs. 23.7) and unsaturated:saturated (1.4 vs. 1.6) fatty acids ratios with increased oleic acid (29.1 vs. 31.4%) and tended to have increased (P = 0.092) IgG (1.14 vs. 1.94 g/L) and linoleic acid (17.7 vs. 18.7%) in the milk on d 18 of lactation. Piglets from sows fed LPL had increased (P < 0.05) IL-8 (184 vs. 245 pg/mg) and crypt cell proliferation rate (39.4 vs. 40.9%) and tended to have increased (P = 0.095) Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio (1.0 vs. 3.5) in the jejunum. In conclusion, sows fed with lysophospholipids had milk with increased IgG, oleic acids, and linoleic acids without changes in BW and backfat during lactation. These changes could contribute to improved survivability and intestinal health of piglets by increasing IL-8 concentration, enhancing balance among gut associated microbiome, and increasing enterocyte proliferation in the jejunum.
The study was conducted to determine the effects of mineral methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MMHAC) partially replacing inorganic trace minerals in sow diets on epigenetic and transcriptional changes in muscle and jejunum of progeny. The MMHAC is zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) chelated with methionine hydroxy analogue (Zn-, Mn-, and Cu-MHAC). On d 35 of gestation, 60 pregnant sows were allotted to 2 dietary treatments in a randomized completed block design using parity as a block: (1) ITM: inorganic trace minerals with zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), manganese oxide (MnO), and copper sulfate (CuSO4) and (2) CTM: 50% of ITM was replaced with MMHAC (MINTREXtrace minerals, Novus International Inc., St Charles, MO). Gestation and lactation diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC requirements. On d 1 and 18 of lactation, milk samples from 16 sows per treatment were collected to measure immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM) and micromineral concentrations. Two pigs per litter were selected to collect blood to measure the concentration of immunoglobulins in the serum, and then euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa, jejunum tissues, and longissimus muscle to measure global DNA methylation, histone acetylation, cytokines, and jejunal histomorphology at birth and d 18 of lactation. Data were analyzed using Proc MIXED of SAS. Supplementation of MMHAC tended to decrease (P = 0.059) body weight (BW) loss of sows during lactation and tended to increase (P = 0.098) piglet BW on d 18 of lactation. Supplementation of MMHAC increased (P < 0.05) global histone acetylation and tended to decrease myogenic regulatory factor 4 (MRF4) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) (P = 0.068) and delta 4-desaturase sphingolipid1 (DEGS1) mRNA (P = 0.086) in longissimus muscle of piglets at birth. Supplementation of MMHAC decreased (P < 0.05) nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) mRNA in the jejunum and DEGS1 mRNA in longissimus muscle, and tended to decrease mucin-2 (MUC2) mRNA (P = 0.057) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) mRNA (P = 0.057) in the jejunum of piglets on d 18 of lactation. There were, however, no changes in the amounts of TNF-α, IL-8, TGF-β, MUC2, and MYF6 in the tissues by MMHAC. In conclusion, maternal supplementation of MMHAC could contribute to histone acetylation and programming in the fetus, which potentially regulates intestinal health and skeletal muscle development of piglets at birth and weaning, possibly leading to enhanced growth of their piglets.
Background Whey permeate is an effective lactose source for nursery pigs and the most benefits are obtained when pigs are at 7 to 11 kg BW. Altering weaning ages could cause different length of early-weaner phases until 7 kg BW and thus it would influence the dietary need of whey permeate during 7 to 11 kg BW of pigs. This study aimed to evaluate if weaning ages would affect the dietary needs of whey permeate for optimum growth performance of pigs at 7 to 11 kg BW. Methods A total of 1,632 pigs were weaned at d 21 (d 21.2 ± 1.3) or d 25 (d 24.6 ± 1.1) after birth. All pigs had a common early-weaner feeds until they reached 7 kg BW. When pigs reached 7 kg BW within a weaning age group, they were allotted in a randomized complete block design (2 × 4 factorial). Two factors were weaning age groups (21 and 25 d of age) and varying whey permeate levels (7.50%, 11.25%, 15.00%, and 18.75%). Data were analyzed using the GLM and NLIN procedures of SAS for slope-ratio and broken-line analyses to determine the growth response to whey permeate and optimal daily whey permeate intake for the growth of the pigs weaned at different ages. Results Pigs weaned at 21 d of age had a common diet for 11 d to reach 7 kg BW whereas pigs weaned at 25 d of age needed 2 d. The G:F of pigs weaned at 25 d of age responded to increased daily whey permeate intake greater (P < 0.05) than pigs weaned at 21 d of age. Breakpoints were obtained (P < 0.05) at 88 and 60 g/d daily whey permeate intake or 17.0% and 14.4% of whey permeate for G:F of pigs weaned at 21 and 25 d of age, respectively. Conclusion Pigs weaned at an older age with a short early-weaner phase had a greater growth response to whey permeate intake compared with pigs weaned at a younger age with a long early-weaner phase. Altering weaning ages affected dietary needs of whey permeate for optimum growth performance of pigs from 7 to 11 kg BW.
Dietary lysophospholipids could enhance nutrient utilization through a structural change of enterocyte membrane with increasing permeability. The objective of this study was to determine supplemental effects of dietary lysophospholipids in lactation diets on sow performance, milk characteristics, and intestinal health of piglets. The 52 pregnant sows were allotted to 2 treatments in randomized complete block design with parity and BW as blocks at d 110 of pregnancy. The treatments were CON (no added lysophospholipids) and LPL (at 0.05% lysophospholipids; Lipidol-Ultra, Pathway Intermediates, Shrewsbury, UK). The lactation diets were formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements suggested by NRC (2012). Milk samples from 12 sows per treatment were collected to measure gross energy, protein, fat, fatty acid profile, and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) on d 1 and d 18 of lactation. Twelve piglets per treatment were euthanized on d 18 to collect tissues to measure tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, IgA, microbiota in jejunal and colonic mucosa, morphology and crypt cell proliferation rate in the jejunum. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Sows fed LPL tended to increase (P = 0.084) litter size (11.9 vs. 12.6) on d 18 of lactation and decrease (P = 0.079) ADFI (8.72 vs. 8.02 kg) during d 9 to d 18 of lactation. Sows fed LPL tended to increase (P = 0.092) IgG (1.14 vs. 1.94 g/L) in the milk. Sows fed LPL increased (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation rate (39.38 vs. 40.94%) in the jejunum. Supplementation of lysophospholipids in lactation diet did not affect proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and microbiota in jejunum and colon of piglets on d 18 of lactation. In conclusion, supplementation of dietary lysophopholipids improved productive performance and the intestinal cell proliferation of piglets with enhancing IgG concentration in the milk.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.