A new and simple method is developed to efficiently quantify erosion and deposition rates based on stock unearthing measurements. This is applicable to spatial scales ranging from plot to hillslopes, and to time scales ranging from single hydrologic events to centennial scales. The method is applied to a plot area on vineyard hillslopes in Burgundy (Monthélie, France), with measurement of 4328 vine plants. A sediment budget established at the plot scale shows a mean soil lowering of 3.44 ± 1 cm over 20 years, involving a minimal erosion rate of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm yr − 1 . Locally, erosion rates can reach up to 8.2± 0.5 mm yr − 1 .This approach allows the sediment redistribution to be mapped and analyzed at 1-m resolution. It provides novel insights into the characterization of erosion patterns on pluri-decennial scales and into the analysis of spatial distribution of erosion processes on cultivated hillslopes.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a sediment-flux quantification in a vineyard context (Vosne-Romanée, Burgundy, France) where medium-term soil budget and sustainability are controlled by complex interactions between natural processes (rill erosion) and anthropogenic processes (earth supply transferred back into the rills by the winegrowers). Concentrated overland flows during the rainfall event resulted in the incision of 13 major rills in the inter-rows, carrying a sediment volume of about 4.77 m 3. Most of the rills were rectilinear and displayed a U shape with strong vertical walls. Rill incision began about 30 m from the upper plot boundary. In the buffer zone located at the lower border of the plot, seven fan systems developed from the material originating in one or two contributory rows. Accumulated volume is estimated at 1.6 m 3. Data from grain-size distribution, and rill and fan volumes, show that erosion is dominated by rilling (70% of the sediment yield) over sheet process (30% of the sediment yield). The net exported soil loss, corresponding to the balance between natural soil loss and anthropogenic supply, ranges between 24 ± 3 t ha − 1 and 48 t ha − 1 , over the plot during one hydrologic event. Analyses of the grain-size distribution in the reference soil sample and in the fans reveal that size selectivity has occurred, with preferential export of the fine material (b 63 μm) out of the plot, and preservation of the coarsest fractions (N 2 mm) in the fans. To evaluate the relative importance in grain-size distribution of natural processes (material loss) over anthropogenic processes (rill-filling by winegrowers), we simulated the temporal evolution of grain-size distribution in surface soil during five successive rainfall events. Our results clearly show that more than 30% of fine material in surface soil was lost in these few events, despite anthropogenic rill filling. This fine-fraction removal may have considerable impact on vineyard sustainability.

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The Great War was marked on the western front mainly by a war of position (for 40 out of the 51 months of the conflict) along the 750 km of the front area from Flanders to Alsace. The objective of this article is to understand the spatial organisation of defence networks in the eastern part of the Champagne region (Champagne sèche), the Vallage d'Aisne and in the Argonne region in 1918 by means of an analysis of geographical information system (GIS)-processed trench maps. This article presents a methodology, involving the transfer of fire trenches, communication trenches and vegetation, integrated into a geodatabase, and then cross-referenced with the digital terrain model (DTM). This comparison of three distinct regions with a chalky plateau (Champagne sèche), a wet plain (Vallage d'Aisne) and a sandy plateau covered with forests (Argonne), not only makes it possible to qualify the role of geographical conditions on the Great War but also to quantify the defence networks.

Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 12 juin 2021. Ce(tte) oeuvre est mise à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution -Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale -Pas de Modification 4.0 International.