Certain herbicides can be applied prior to harvest for weed control in wheat. Research was conducted to determine the effect of preharvest applications of glyphosate, paraquat and metsulfuron + 2,4-D on grain, flour and the breadmaking quality of hard red spring wheat. Herbicides were applied at soft dough (SD), ∼500 g kg −1 kernel moisture and hard dough (HD), ∼350 g kg −1 kernel moisture stages of 'Parshall' hard red spring wheat. Test weight was reduced 1.3 and 2.3 kg hl −1 , 1000 kernel weight was reduced 3.5 and 4.5 g, and large kernel content was reduced 230 and 280 g kg −1 by glyphosate and paraquat respectively when applied at SD. Metsulfuron + 2,4-D did not affect physical grain quality. Glyphosate and paraquat applied at SD and HD increased gluten index two to eight units. Metsulfuron + 2,4-D reduced the gluten index four units when applied at SD. Dough mixing stability was increased 1.7 min by glyphosate applied at SD or HD, and by paraquat applied at SD. Dough mixing time during bread making was 0.5 min longer with flour from wheat treated with glyphosate and was 0.4 min shorter with flour from wheat treated with Metsulfuron + 2,4-D at SD. Loaf volume, symmetry and crumb score were not affected by herbicide treatments.
All malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars adapted for production in the upper midwestern USA are susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB), incited primarily by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein)]. Quality of FHB‐infected barley is reduced due to a mycotoxin called deoxynivalenol (DON) that is produced by the pathogen. Malting barley buyers severely discount or refuse to purchase barley with DON concentrations >0.5 mg kg−1. Individually, use of genetic resistance or fungicides has not successfully reduced DON concentrations to acceptable limits. The objective of this research was to determine if the integrated use of the fungicide tebuconazole (α‐[2‐(4‐chlorophenyl) ethyl]‐α‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐1‐ethanol) and barley genotypes with partial FHB resistance could reduce DON to acceptable concentrations. Field research, using two rates of tebuconazole (0 and 118 mL a.i. ha−1) and 13 barley genotypes with varying levels of FHB resistance, was conducted in North Dakota from 2000 to 2002. No supplemental inoculum or irrigation was used in any of the environments. Data for FHB severity, DON concentration, foliar disease severity, and kernel color were collected and analyzed. Deoxynivalenol was detected in all environments at concentrations >0.5 mg kg−1. Overall, the response of the FHB‐resistant and moderately resistant genotypes to tebuconazole was inconsistent for FHB severity and DON accumulation. Furthermore, tebuconazole applied to FHB‐resistant or moderately resistant genotype did not consistently result in DON concentration of ≤0.5 mg kg−1 in any of the environments. Thus, the integrated use of FHB‐resistant or moderately resistant genotypes and tebuconazole will not reduce DON.
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