By replacing the “heavy” silicone oil used in the oil phase of Saksena, Christensen, and Pearlstein [“Surrogate immiscible liquid pairs with refractive indexes matchable over a wide range of density and viscosity ratios,” Phys. Fluids 27, 087103 (2015)] by one with a twentyfold higher viscosity, and replacing the “light” silicone oil in that work by one with a viscosity fivefold lower and a density about 10% lower, we have greatly extended the range of viscosity ratio accessible by index-matching the adjustable-composition oil phase to an adjustable-composition 1,2-propanediol + CsBr + H2O aqueous phase and have also extended the range of accessible density ratios. The new system of index-matchable surrogate immiscible liquids is capable of achieving the density and viscosity ratios for liquid/liquid systems consisting of water with the entire range of light or medium crude oils over the temperature range from 40 °F (4.44 °C) to 200 °F (93.3 °C) and can access the density and viscosity ratios for water with some heavy crude oils over part of the same temperature range. It also provides a room-temperature, atmospheric-pressure surrogate for the liquid CO2 + H2O system at 0 °C over almost all of the pressure range of interest in sub-seabed CO2 sequestration.
The renewed interest for Supersonic Civil Transport on one side and the environmental challenges that whole aeronautics sector will have to overcome in the next decades calls for an holistic evaluation of the environmental impacts of a possible reintroduction of supersonic flights after Concorde retirement in 2003. In this perspective, a research effort has been initiated by ONERA to investigate the lowest levels of environmental impacts that can be expected by a new generation of civil supersonic aircraft. This paper presents the set-up and verification of different models and of a methodological design approach combining conceptual and preliminary aircraft design capabilities. This approach is intended to design a supersonic civil transport aircraft concepts that can serve to evaluate the minimum levels of environmental impacts of new supersonic aircraft integrating state-of-the-art technologies in terms of sonic boom, take-off noise and emissions.
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