Transparent, immiscible, surrogate liquids with matchable refractive indexes: Increased range of density and viscosity ratios

Cadillon, Jérémy; Saksena, Rajat; Pearlstein, Arne J.

doi:10.1063/1.4968512

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This flexibility was achieved through having two-liquid-mixture phases: an aqueous solution containing 1,2-propanedoil and caesium bromide (CsBr), and an organic phase comprising a light (5 × 10 −6 m 2 /s) and heavy (5 × 10 −5 m 2 /s) silicone oil blended with 1-bromooctane. The system was extended for wider viscosity and density ratios by Cadillon et al (2016) by replacing the silicone oils with ones with even larger viscosity differences (1 × 10 −6 m 2 /s and 5 × 10 −3 m 2 /s) to obtain a system with an RI in the range 1.382-1.436.…”

Section: Refractive Index Density and Viscosity Tuningmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

2017

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Experimental techniques based on optical measurement principles have experienced significant growth in recent decades. They are able to provide detailed information with high-spatiotemporal resolution on important scalar (e.g., temperature, concentration, and phase) and vector (e.g., velocity) fields in single-phase or multiphase flows, as well as interfacial characteristics in the latter, which has been instrumental to step-changes in our fundamental understanding of these flows, and the development and validation of advanced models with ever-improving predictive accuracy and reliability. Relevant techniques rely upon well-established optical methods such as direct photography, laser-induced fluorescence, laser Doppler velocimetry/phase Doppler anemometry, particle image/tracking velocimetry, and variants thereof. The accuracy of the resulting data depends on numerous factors including, importantly, the refractive indices of the solids and liquids used. The best results are obtained when the observational materials have closely matched refractive indices, including test-section walls, liquid phases, and any suspended particles. This paper reviews solid–liquid and solid–liquid–liquid refractive-index-matched systems employed in different fields, e.g., multiphase flows, turbomachinery, bio-fluid flows, with an emphasis on liquid–liquid systems. The refractive indices of various aqueous and organic phases found in the literature span the range 1.330–1.620 and 1.251–1.637, respectively, allowing the identification of appropriate combinations to match selected transparent or translucent plastics/polymers, glasses, or custom materials in single-phase liquid or multiphase liquid–liquid flow systems. In addition, the refractive indices of fluids can be further tuned with the use of additives, which also allows for the matching of important flow similarity parameters such as density and viscosity

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Section: Refractive Index Density and Viscosity Tuningmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

2017

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“…However, for flow visualization, the prediction of refractive index from Equation (11) guarantees the error up to 0.007, which enables the clear visualization of liquid streams. PLIF images of different aqueous solutions of glycerol are reported successfully in Brito, Esteves, Fonte, Dias, Lopes and Santos [9] and Brito, et al [53].…”

Section: Refractive Index Of Glycerol Solutionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Design of Model Fluids for Flow Characterization Experiments Involving Mixing of Dissimilar Fluids—Refractive Index Matching and Physical Properties

Brito

2022

Processes

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Aqueous solutions of glycerol are widely used as model fluids in flow phenomena experiments. The design of these experiments involves the description of the physical properties of liquids and the refractive index matching using a salt, i.e., calcium chloride. The first part of this paper describes the physical properties of aqueous solutions of glycerol. Refractive index, viscosity, and density were measured for a mass fraction of glycerol in a range from 0 to 1 and compared to the data in the literature. In the second part, calcium chloride was added to aqueous solutions of glycerol, and the variations of density, viscosity, and refractive index with the mass fraction of calcium chloride were reported, which is a new contribution to literature. The main novelties of this work are (1) the development and validation of a set of equations to predict the rheological and physical properties of model fluids for flow studies involving dissimilar fluids; (2) the introduction of an algorithm to match the refractive index of fluids using calcium chloride. The model fluids are designed for large throughput experiments of industrial units, and low-cost solutions were considered. A Matlab script is provided that enables the easy implementation of this method in other works.

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“…In order to solve this problem, we suggest an approach using two immiscible binary mixtures to match refractive indices (Saksena et al 2015;Cadillon et al 2016), i.e. adding an additional degree of freedom to the system by introducing a binary mixture for each of the liquid phases.…”

Section: Camentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive index matching (RIM) using double-binary liquid–liquid mixtures

et al. 2020

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For using microscopic multiphase flows in microreactors, an exact understanding of the underlying hydrodynamic interrelations is key for successful reactor layout and reaction control. To examine the local hydrodynamic behavior, non-invasive optical measurements techniques like particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) or micro particle image velocimetry (µPIV) are the methods of choice, since they provide precise velocity measurement with excellent spatial resolution. Such optical approaches require refractive index matching (RIM) of the involved flow phases to prevent optical distortion due to light refraction and reflection at the interfaces. Established RIM approaches often provide a single degree of freedom, which is sufficient to solely match the refractive index (RI) of the flow phases. Using these approaches, the material properties (Oh number) are fixed and the relevant dimensionless numbers (Ca, Re) may only be altered hydrodynamically or geometrically. To avoid expansive geometric scaling of the microchannels, we propose an approach using two binary mixtures (doublebinary mixtures) to introduce an additional degree of freedom. The approach allows examining liquid-liquid two-phase flows at a distinct velocity while being able to change the material properties (Oh number). Thus, Ca and Re can be chosen individually and the proposed RIM-approach provides undisturbed optical access. Furthermore, we present four different binary mixtures, which allow to vary the viscosity ratio of the phases. The relevant material parameters are successfully correlated to measurement data, which delivers a system of equations that determines the mass fractions and the velocities to address Re and Ca individually. A proof-of-principle for the proposed double-binary mixture RIM-approach is successfully established using µPIV raw images.

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Transparent, immiscible, surrogate liquids with matchable refractive indexes: Increased range of density and viscosity ratios

Cited by 7 publications

References 11 publications

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

A review of solid–fluid selection options for optical-based measurements in single-phase liquid, two-phase liquid–liquid and multiphase solid–liquid flows

Design of Model Fluids for Flow Characterization Experiments Involving Mixing of Dissimilar Fluids—Refractive Index Matching and Physical Properties

Refractive index matching (RIM) using double-binary liquid–liquid mixtures

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