The catchments of the Klang and Ampang Rivers are two sub-catchments that drain into the main Klang River, Selangor, Malaysia. Due to the development and siltation processes, the current capacity of the Klang River in the city centre is insufficient for accommodating the excess flood flow during major events, and, therefore overflows the riverbanks causing flash floods to occur in the Kuala Lumpur city centre. This study investigates the relationship between the rainfall, discharge and suspended sediment transport and its variations during the dry and wet periods in tropical sub-catchments; identifies the different hysteresis types of single flood events in the suspended sediment concentration/discharge relationships in the dry and wet periods, and determines the relationship between the types of single event hysteresis loops and the hydrological and sediment responses. Principal component analysis was performed to examine factors that have a major influence on the suspended sediment yields during both the dry and wet periods. The clockwise and counter-clockwise hysteresis loops occurring mostly during the dry period, can be described as events with moderate total rainfall, rainfall intensity (less than 10 mmh −1 ), average discharge and suspended sediment load. Counter-clockwise events occurring during the wet period are associated with low total rainfall, rainfall intensity, average discharge and suspended sediment load. The clockwise and counter-clockwise events that occurred in the wet period are related to events with a Water Resour Manage (2015) 29:4519-4538 relatively high and low moisture condition, respectively. The figure-eight and complex hysteresis loop events occur predominantly during the wet period. The complex loop events occurred mostly during the wet period generates the highest suspended sediment load. The complex loop events occur mostly during the wet period generated the highest suspended sediment load.
The approach of this paper is to predict the sand mass distribution in an urban stormwater holding pond at the Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel (SMART) Control Centre, Malaysia, using simulated depth average floodwater velocity diverted into the holding during storm events. Discriminant analysis (DA) was applied to derive the classification function to spatially distinguish areas of relatively high and low sand mass compositions based on the simulated water velocity variations at corresponding locations of gravimetrically measured sand mass composition of surface sediment samples. Three inflow parameter values, 16, 40 and 80 m(3) s(-1), representing diverted floodwater discharge for three storm event conditions were fixed as input parameters of the hydrodynamic model. The sand (grain size > 0.063 mm) mass composition of the surface sediment measured at 29 sampling locations ranges from 3.7 to 45.5%. The sampling locations of the surface sediment were spatially clustered into two groups based on the sand mass composition. The sand mass composition of group 1 is relatively lower (3.69 to 12.20%) compared to group 2 (16.90 to 45.55%). Two Fisher's linear discriminant functions, F 1 and F 2, were generated to predict areas; both consist of relatively higher and lower sand mass compositions based on the relationship between the simulated flow velocity and the measured surface sand composition at corresponding sampling locations. F 1 = -9.405 + 4232.119 × A - 1795.805 × B + 281.224 × C, and F 2 = -2.842 + 2725.137 × A - 1307.688 × B + 231.353 × C. A, B and C represent the simulated flow velocity generated by inflow parameter values of 16, 40 and 80 m(3) s(-1), respectively. The model correctly predicts 88.9 and 100.0% of sampling locations consisting of relatively high and low sand mass percentages, respectively, with the cross-validated classification showing that, overall, 82.8% are correctly classified. The model predicts that 31.4% of the model domain areas consist of high-sand mass composition areas and the remaining 68.6% comprise low-sand mass composition areas.
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