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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus, and its clinical course following initial infection is diverse. It varies from spontaneous recovery to chronic persistent infection that might progress to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or result in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Various disease courses after HBV infection appear to be related to hepatocyte damage, caused not only by the HBV itself, but also by the host immune response.

Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in the management of hepatic tumors. The liver can be the primary origin of neuroendocrine tumors, and if the tumors are diagnosed as primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors, surgical resection must be considered for curative treatment.

The strong expression of Oct4 and Nanog in metaplastic ducts and Oct4 expression preceding Ras mutation suggests that these homeobox transcription factors are associated with the early stage of pancreatic cancer carcinogenesis and may play an important role in that process.

Purpose Deep sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be challenging in elderly patients in the prone position. This study investigated the effect of a high flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) delivery system on oxygenation in this procedure compared with that of conventional nasal cannula oxygen administration. Methods A prospective randomized trial was conducted using HFNO and conventional nasal cannula in patients undergoing ERCP in the prone position. For each patient, the lowest oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ), the incidence of hypoxemia defined as an SpO 2 below 90%, and This manuscript is accompanied by an editorial. Please see Can J Anesth 2020; this issue.

The identification of novel tumor-specific proteins or antigens is of great importance for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in pancreatic cancer. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we identified a broad spectrum of differentially expressed pancreatic cancerrelated genes. Of these, we selected an overexpressed expressed sequence taq and cloned a 721-bp full-length cDNA with an open reading frame of 196 amino acids. This novel gene was localized on the Homo sapiens 16p13.3 chromosomal locus, and its nucleotide sequence matched the Homo sapiens similar to common salivary protein 1 (LOC124220). We named the gene pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor. The pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor was secreted into the culture medium of pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cells, had an apparent molecular mass of ~25 kDa, and was N-glycosylated. The induction of pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor in Chinese hamster ovary cells increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability in vitro. Subcutaneous injection of mice with Chinese hamster ovary/pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor cells resulted in 3.8-fold greater tumor sizes compared to Chinese hamster ovary/mock cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting with antirecombinant human pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor antibodies confirmed that pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor was highly expressed in six of eight pancreatic cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining of human pancreatic cancer tissues also showed pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor overexpression in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Transfection with pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor-specific small-interfering RNA reduced cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Treatment with antirecombinant human pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor in vitro and in vivo reduced proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenic ability. Collectively, our results suggest that pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor is a novel secretory protein involved in pancreatic cancer progression and might be a potential target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 828-836)

Even small polyps have a risk of malignancy, and careful long-term follow up of GBP will help detect and treat early GBC.

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