During the last three decades, many governments have incorporated Information and Communication Technologies in their internal and external processes, a phenomenon widely known as electronic government (e-Government). Rationales for eGovernment include increasing public services' efficiency, speed, transparency, accountability, etc., and enhancing relations between government and stakeholders (citizens, businesses, third sector organisations). e-Government programmes are largescale innovation projects; and Future-oriented Technology Analysis, FTA, is often used in the design of public policies in science, technology and innovation. FTA tools allow for systematic appraisal of potential challenges, opportunities, and threats, and thus informing the design of long-term strategies. The aim of this paper is to examine what a systematic literature review tells us about the application of FTA to support e-Government planning, implementation or evaluation. The review confirms that FTA played a role in supporting some e-Government initiatives, especially in their planning stages. However, few relevant exercises of this sort are reported in the English language, though the e-Government literature itself in that language-is voluminous. Previous researchers often attribute weaknesses in e-Government efforts to deficiencies in vision and strategic planning. Hopefully, this review can encourage both FTA and e-Government practitioners to apply FTA to e-Government development. This suggests that there is both opportunity and need to take greater advantage of FTA in this field.

El propósito de este artículo es presentar los resultados de una investigación que consistió en caracterizar sistemas de evaluación de la Sociedad de la Información-SI-propuestos en el período de 1995 a 2010 a través del análisis de sus variables e indicadores. Para lograr los resultados se definió una metodología consistente en cuatro etapas: i) identificación de las propuestas de evaluación de la SI; ii) selección de las propuestas a ser analizadas; iii) identificación y clasificación de variables e indicadores; y iv) generación de informes y análisis de resultados. Los principales resultados fueron: identificar que el 37,3% de las variables/indicadores en estudio se enfocan en medir aspectos de infraestructura, en cuanto que un 3,1% están enfocados en la medición de la participación de los ciudadanos en la SI. De igual manera, se identificó que la medición del avance de la SI considera aspectos relacionados con el contexto y que la oferta de variables/indicadores se ha ampliado a medir diversas áreas de la sociedad tales como: el turismo, la ciencia, la agronomía, etc. Por último, este trabajo permite analizar en detalle los aspectos que son considerados en la medición de la SI, así como el número de variables/indicadores propuestos en cada uno de ellos. Palabras clave: Indicadores, medición, sistemas de medición, sociedad de la información, variables.

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Children treated pharmacologically for absence epilepsy, whose seizures are controlled, have normal academic abilities and skills for their age.

Knowledge Management (KM) is a critical subject for software development organizations. For this reason, the purpose of this article is to provide a critical review on the way that KM is included in several models of reference of software process (SPRM). For this, five SPRM used in the Latin American countries were selected. Then, an analysis of each process of the SPRM was performed in order to identify features related to the KM. Finally, the KM aspects were mapped in relation to the KM schools (Earl) and the KM capacities (Gold et al). The main contribution of the paper is to show some breaches in SPRM content in relation to KM schools and capabilities.

ResumenEn este artículo se presenta un estudio exploratorio sobre el estado de implementación y la importancia de ocho procesos de Gestión del Conocimiento (GC) en 169 Organizaciones Desarrolladoras de software (ODS) en Colombia. Los datos se recopilaron en una encuesta, en la que se indagó por el estado de la implementación de ocho procesos de GC propuestos en el Modelo de Referencia de Procesos de Gestión del Conocimiento (MRPGC), desde la perspectiva del logro de los resultados esperados y sus propósitos. Los resultados muestran que en las ODS en Colombia se reconoce la importancia de la GC, pero el estado de implementación de los procesos es apenas aceptable. Palabras claveProcesos de gestión de conocimiento, organizaciones desarrolladoras de software, Colombia, estudio exploratorio. Rev. esc.adm.neg. No. 80Enero-Junio Bogotá,

This paper presents a study on digital skills, access and motivations to use or not  e-services, made to students admitted to a technological career at the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. The objective was to establish the previous knowledge in the digital area before beginning the education process offered by the university. A methodology proposed was: i) to determine the context, ii) data collection, and iii) reports generation and analysis of results. The main results obtained were: The characterization of the population under study, identify medium-high levels in the skills associated with knowledge of requirements for Internet access, search and use of online forms, and a medium-low level in recognition of secure environments to make transactions. In addition, it was found that 97% of the population access digital services because they are user-friendly, while distrust, lack of interest and ignorance about the digital service offer are the reasons that usually limit access. Regarding the use of services, 100% of the population use communication and entertainment services, 71.6% have used online training services, and 44.8% have searched for work online.

The aim of this article is to analyze the attitude of the Spanish population towards immigration from 1997 to 2007. The information is obtained from the survey of attitudes and opinions regarding immigration in Spain administered by ASEP. The results show that, with the passage of time, an increase in anti-immigrant feelings has taken place. The main variables that explain this increase are on the one hand, the threat defined by the number of perceived immigrants and the loss of national identity, and, on the other hand, the competition for the economic and social resources and the state investment destined to immigration