Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide with almost 700,000 deaths every year. Detection of colorectal cancer at an early stage significantly improves patient survival. Cancer-specific autoantibodies found in sera of cancer patients can be used for pre-symptomatic detection of the disease. In this study we assess the zinc finger proteins ZNF346, ZNF638, ZNF700 and ZNF768 as capture antigens for the detection of autoantibodies in colorectal cancer. Sera from 96 patients with colorectal cancer and 35 control patients with no evidence of cancer on colonoscopy were analysed for the presence of ZNF-specific autoantibodies using an indirect ELISA. Autoantibodies to individual ZNF proteins were detected in 10–20% of colorectal cancer patients and in 0–5.7% of controls. A panel of all four ZNF proteins resulted in an assay specificity of 91.4% and sensitivity of 41.7% for the detection of cancer patients in a cohort of non-cancer controls and colorectal cancer patients. Clinicopathological and survival analysis revealed that ZNF autoantibodies were independent of disease stage and did not correlate with disease outcome. Since ZNF autoantibodies were shared between patients and corresponding ZNF proteins showed similarities in their zinc finger motifs, we performed an in silico epitope sequence analysis. Zinc finger proteins ZNF700 and ZNF768 showed the highest sequence similarity with a bl2seq score of 262 (E-value 1E-81) and their classical C2H2 ZNF motifs were identified as potential epitopes contributing to their elevated immunogenic potential. Our findings show an enhanced and specific immunogenicity to zinc finger proteins, thereby providing a multiplexed autoantibody assay for minimally invasive detection of colorectal cancer.

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Antibody-based separation methods, such as immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC), are powerful purification and isolation techniques. Antibodies isolated using these techniques have proven highly efficient in applications ranging from clinical diagnostics to environmental monitoring. Immunoaffinity chromatography is an efficient antibody separation method which exploits the binding efficiency of a ligand to an antibody. Essential to the successful design of any IAC platform is the optimization of critical experimental parameters such as (a) the biological affinity pair, (b) the matrix support, (c) the immobilization coupling chemistry, and (d) the effective elution conditions. These elements and the practicalities of their use are discussed in detail in this review. At the core of all IAC platforms is the high affinity interactions between antibodies and their related ligands; hence, this review entails a brief introduction to the generation of antibodies for use in immunoaffinity chromatography and also provides specific examples of their potential applications.

Herein we report the application of oxidative artificial chemical nucleases as novel agents for protein engineering. The complex ion [Cu(Phen)2(H2O)](2+) (CuPhen; Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) was applied under Fenton-type conditions against a recombinant antibody fragment specific for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and compared against traditional DNA shuffling using DNase I for the generation of recombinant mutagenesis libraries. We show that digestion and re-annealment of single chain variable fragment (scFv) coding DNA is possible using CuPhen. Results indicate recombinant library generation in this manner may generate novel clones—not accessible through the use of DNase I—with CuPhen producing highly PSA-specific binding antibodies identified by surface plasmon resonance.

Digital pathology platforms with integrated artificial intelligence have the potential to increase the efficiency of the nonclinical pathologist’s workflow through screening and prioritizing slides with lesions and highlighting areas with specific lesions for review. Herein, we describe the comparison of various single- and multi-magnification convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures to accelerate the detection of lesions in tissues. Different models were evaluated for defining performance characteristics and efficiency in accurately identifying lesions in 5 key rat organs (liver, kidney, heart, lung, and brain). Cohorts for liver and kidney were collected from TG-GATEs open-source repository, and heart, lung, and brain from internally selected R&D studies. Annotations were performed, and models were trained on each of the available lesion classes in the available organs. Various class-consolidation approaches were evaluated from generalized lesion detection to individual lesion detections. The relationship between the amount of annotated lesions and the precision/accuracy of model performance is elucidated. The utility of multi-magnification CNN implementations in specific tissue subtypes is also demonstrated. The use of these CNN-based models offers users the ability to apply generalized lesion detection to whole-slide images, with the potential to generate novel quantitative data that would not be possible with conventional image analysis techniques.

Affinity chromatography permits the isolation of a target analyte from a complex mixture and can be utilised to purify proteins, carbohydrates, drugs, haptens, or any analyte of interest once an affinity pair is available. It involves the exploitation of specific interactions between a binding affinity pair, such as those between an antibody and its associated antigen, or between any ligand and its associated binding receptor/protein. With the discovery of protein A in 1970, and, subsequently proteins G and L, immuno-affinity chromatography has grown in popularity and is now the standard methodology for the purification of antibodies which may be implemented for a selection of different applications such as immunodiagnostics. This chapter is designed to inform the researcher about the basic techniques involved in the affinity chromatography-based purification of monoclonal, polyclonal, and recombinant antibodies. Examples are provided for the use of proteins A and G. In addition, tables are provided that allow the reader to select the most appropriate protein for use in the isolation of their antibody.

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Objective: This study compared two methods of booking elective surgery -booking from wait lists and pre-booking surgery dates at the time of decision to operate -in terms of cancellations of elective procedures and time to surgery. Methods: The authors conducted simulation experiments with group randomized design, in which the unit of allocation was the hospital and the units of analysis were both the hospital and the patient. Results: In the case of pre-booking, cancellation of high-priority elective procedures was only one-third as likely as it was in the case of booking from wait lists (odds ratio 0.35; 95% confidence interval 0.18-0.68). After adjustment for hospital and patient factors, the weekly likelihood that patients on the wait list had their operation was about 20% higher for medium-priority procedures (OR 1.21; CI 1.18-1.24) after prebooking surgery dates. Conclusion:The findings suggest that redesigning booking processes may improve the performance of surgical services. RésuméObjectif : Dans cette étude, on a comparé deux méthodes de planification des rendezvous pour les opérations chirurgicales non urgentes -les listes d' attentes et les rendezvous déterminés au moment de la décision de procéder à l'intervention chirurgicale -en fonction des annulations d'intervention et du temps d' attente pour la chirurgie. Méthodes : Les auteurs ont effectué des simulations à l' aide de plans d' expérience aléa-toire dans lesquels l'unité de répartition était l'hôpital et les unités d' analyse étaient l'hôpital et le patient. Résultats : Dans le cas des dates pré-déterminées, le risque d' annulation d'une intervention désignée comme hautement prioritaire équivalait au tiers du risque d' annulation dans le cas des rendez-vous accordés selon les listes d' attente (rapport de cotes 0,35; 95 % intervalle de confiance, 0,18-0,68). Après ajustement des facteurs « hôpital » et « patient », la probabilité hebdomadaire qu'un patient sur la liste d' attente subisse l'intervention était environ 20 % plus élevée pour les interventions de priorité moyenne (1,21; 1,18-1,24), après la date d'intervention pré-déterminée. Conclusion : Les résultats indiquent qu'une nouvelle conception des processus de rendez-vous pourrait améliorer le rendement des services de chirurgie.