[1] Observations at Bermuda and in the Caribbean Sea indicate that hurricanes influence surface ocean pCO 2 (pCO 2 ocean ) and air-sea CO 2 fluxes at short time scales. We use a regional version of the MIT ocean general circulation model to study impacts on interannual variability in air-sea CO 2 fluxes in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre (25 -40N). Consistent with observations, enhanced wind speeds dominate the hurricane's effect on the flux, driving CO 2 out of the ocean due to the negative air-sea gradient in pCO 2 (pCO 2 atm < pCO 2 ocean ) that occurs in response to warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during hurricane season. With a storm, vertical mixing causes negative SST anomalies that depress pCO 2 ocean , but not enough to reverse the gradient. Though hurricanes drive a substantial local CO 2 efflux, we find no evidence for a relationship between year-to-year variability in hurricane frequency and variability in basinintegrated air-sea CO 2 fluxes across the subtropical North Atlantic.

Software has been a crucial contributor to scientific progress in astronomy for decades, but practices that enable machine-actionable citations have not been consistently applied to software itself. Instead, software citation behaviors developed independently from standard publication mechanisms and policies, resulting in human-readable citations that remain hidden over time and that cannot represent the influence software has had in the field. These historical software citation behaviors need to be understood in order to improve software citation guidance and develop relevant publishing practices that fully support the astronomy community. To this end, a 23 year retrospective analysis of software citation practices in astronomy was developed. Astronomy publications were mined for 410 aliases associated with nine software packages and analyzed to identify past practices and trends that prevent software citations from benefiting software authors.

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