Although 34% of patients with an initial diagnosis of ASAP who had repeat biopsy were subsequently diagnosed with PCa only, only 22% (8% of the total cohort) were found to have high-grade disease. Higher PSA was associated with increased risk of identifying PCa on repeat biopsy. These findings suggest that immediate repeat biopsy may be omitted in the majority of men with ASAP.

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Undescended testes are a common congenital disorder with potential sequelae that include infertility and malignancy. This article addresses a contemporary perspective on the pathophysiology of the undescended testis, impact on testicular function and risk of testicular cancer. Surgical management and current guidelines regarding optimal timing of surgery will also be presented.

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Phase II studies with solabegron support its potential future role in the management of OAB. However, further studies are needed to establish its efficacy and safety as well as to allow its clinical comparison with current therapies.

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