Smooth muscle origin neoplasia of the urinary bladder wall is rare in dogs. This report describes the ultrasonographic features of two bladder wall leiomyomas and one bladder wall leiomyosarcoma. All three dogs had a single, smoothly marginated, round, hypo to mixed echogenicity intraluminal mass in the urinary bladder. Based on color Doppler examination of the masses, there was no visible blood flow.
Ultrasound was used to locate undescended testes in 30 dogs and 4 cats where the final testicular location was determined surgically. Time between ultrasound and surgery ranged between 0 and 17 days. Forty-three testes (63.2%) were retained and 42/43 (97.7%) were detected ultrasonographically. Retained testes were located in the abdomen (n = 28) and inguinal region (n = 14). One retained testis could not be identified with use of ultrasound. Locations of retained testes ranged from the caudal pole of the kidney to the inguinal region. Descriptions of testicular echogenicity and size were not available for all testes. A 100% positive predictive value was found for all testes with use of ultrasound in both abdominal and inguinal regions. The sensitivity of ultrasound was 96.6% for abdominal and 100% for inguinal testes. Ultrasound is a sensitive test for location of retained testes, and supports the opinion that preoperative ultrasound can help facilitate location of retained testes prior to surgical exploration or laparoscopy. © 2012 Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound.
Urinary bladder wall thickness was evaluated by ultrasonography in 16 normal dogs. Sterile saline solution was administered via urinary catheters to control the degree of bladder distention. Bladder wall thickness was measured on static ultrasound images in 4 locations and at 3 degrees of bladder distention (minimal, mild, and moderate). Four randomized distention sequences with 3 distentions per sequence were performed on each dog and the data were analyzed using Williams' balanced Latin square. Mean bladder wall thickness was 2.3 mm in minimally distended bladders (0.5 ml/kg saline), 1.6 mm in mildly distended bladders (2 ml/kg saline) and 1.4 mm in moderately distended bladders (4 ml/kg saline). Mean bladder wall thickness increased significantly with increasing body weight and with decreasing bladder distention. The caudoventral measurement location produced a statistically significant smaller measurement, with a difference of 0.3 mm. Sex did not affect bladder wall thickness. Distention sequence and repetition of distentions did not affect bladder wall thickness.
A 2-year-old Holstein heifer with a swollen brisket, jugular vein distention, muffled heart sounds, tachycardia, and free gas bloat was examined. Thymic lymphosarcoma was suspected based on a negative agar gel immunodiffusion test for bovine leukemia virus, presence of atypical lymphocytes in pleural fluid, and detection of a mass in the thoracic inlet. Right-sided cardiac catheterization was performed, and markedly increased jugular venous pressures (41 m m Hg) hymic lymphosarcoma, juvenile multicentric lympho-T sarcoma, and cutaneous lymphosarcoma are 3 sporadic forms of bovine lymphosarcoma that are not associated with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection.' Thymic lymphosarcoma produces clinical signs related to an anterior mediastinal mass, such as cervical and submandibular edema, bilateral jugular vein distention, and varying degrees of ruminal tympany, as well as dyspnea, anorexia, and weight loss.',' The clinical signs of thymic lymphosarcoma can therefore be difficult to differentiate from right-sided heart failure (RSHF). In this report, we describe the clinical and pathological findings in a heifer with thymic lymphosarcoma. Thoracocentesis, ultrasonography, electrocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and immunohistochemical staining pennitted detailed characterization and classification of this case. Case DescriptionA 2-year-old Holstein heifer was examined because of a 6-day history of a swollen brisket, anorexia, and free gas bloat. The heifer had been previously treated for bloat by oral-ruminal passage of a stomach tube and intraruminal administration of liquid fat and magnesium hydroxide. A magnet (PO), procaine penicillin G (IM), and ceftiofur sodium (IM) (doses unknown) had also been administered for treatment of suspected traumatic reticulopericarditis.The heifer appeared depressed and had bilateral abdominal distention. Rectal temperature and respiratory rate were within normal limits, while the pulse rate was increased (1 05 beatshinute). The heart and lung sounds were difficult to auscultate over the entire left side of the thorax, but could be heard normally over the right side of the thorax. Pitting edema extended from the thoracic inlet to the ramus of the mandible, and both jugular veins were greatly distended. Edema and venous distention were not evident caudal to the brisket. Palpation of the brisket revealed a 10-cm diameter, firm mass that extended deep into the thoracic inlet. The mass was fixed in place and surrounded by a markedly edematous subcutis, and the cervical skin was cold to the touch. Palpation per rectum revealed ruminal gas distention and a gravid uterus of approximately 7 months gestation. The feces were dark green and contained frank blood and mucus. A 3-cm diameter stomach tube was easily passed into the mmen and a large volume of gas released with subsequent decrease in abdominal distention.The heifer had a normal blood leukocyte count (9,000 cells/pL; normal, 4,000 to 12,000 cells/pL), normal lymphocyte count (3,150 cells/pL; normal, 2,500 to 7,500 cells/pL),...
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