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HEAs’ compositional space allows the design of hierarchical microstructures that contribute to the exceptional strength values.

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We demonstrate that micron-scale graphene field-effect transistor biosensors can be fabricated in a scalable fashion from large-area chemical vapor deposition derived graphene. We electrically detect the real-time binding and unbinding of a protein biomarker, thrombin, to and from aptamer-coated graphene surfaces. Our sensors have low background noise and high transconductance, comparable to exfoliated graphene devices. The devices are reusable and have a shelf-life greater than one week.

Determining the major noise sources in nanoscale field-effect transistor (nanoFET) biosensors is critical for improving bioelectronic interfaces. We use the carbon nanotube (CNT) FET biosensor platform to examine the noise generated by substrate interactions and surface adsorbates, both of which are present in current nanoFET biosensors. The charge noise model is used as a quantitative framework to show that insulating substrates and surface adsorbates are both significant contributors to the noise floor of CNT FET biosensors. Removing substrate interactions and surface adsorbates reduces the power spectral density of background voltage fluctuations by 19-fold.