Distribution patterns and finely-tuned concentration gradients of plant hormones govern plant growth and development. Gibberellin (GA) is a plant hormone regulating key processes in plants; many of them are of significant agricultural importance, such as seed germination, root and shoot elongation, flowering, and fruit patterning. Although studies have demonstrated that GA movement is essential for multiple developmental aspects, how GAs are transported throughout the plant and where exactly they accumulate remain largely unknown. Here, we summarize recent findings from studies of GA movement and localization, and discuss the importance of GA intermediates in long- and short-distance movement. We further review recently identified Arabidopsis GA transporters and highlight their complex specialization and robust functional redundancy in GA transport activity.
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The plant hormone gibberellin (GA) regulates multiple developmental processes. It accumulates in the root elongating endodermis, but how it moves into this cell le and the signi cance of this accumulation are unclear. Here, we identi ed a monophyletic clade of NPF transporters required for GA and abscisic acid (ABA) translocation. We demonstrate that NPF2.14 is a subcellular GA/ABA transporter, the rst to be identi ed in plants, facilitating GA and ABA accumulation in the root endodermis to regulate suberization. Further, NPF2.12 and NPF2.13, closely related proteins, are plasma membrane-localized GA and ABA importers that facilitate shoot-to-root GA 12 translocation, regulating endodermal hormone accumulation. This work reveal that GA promotes root suberization and that GA and ABA can act nonantagonistically. We demonstrated how a clade of transporters mediates hormone ow while utilizing de ned cell-le-speci c vacuolar storage at the phloem unloading zone, allowing a hormone slow-release mechanism required for suberin formation in the maturation zone.
The plant hormone gibberellin (GA) regulates multiple developmental processes. It accumulates in the root elongating endodermis, but how it moves into this cell file and the significance of this accumulation are unclear. Here, we identified a monophyletic clade of NPF transporters required for GA and abscisic acid (ABA) translocation. We demonstrate that NPF2.14 is a subcellular GA/ABA transporter, the first to be identified in plants, facilitating GA and ABA accumulation in the root endodermis to regulate suberization. Further, NPF2.12 and NPF2.13, closely related proteins, are plasma membrane-localized GA and ABA importers that facilitate shoot-to-root GA12 translocation, regulating endodermal hormone accumulation. This work reveal that GA promotes root suberization and that GA and ABA can act non-antagonistically. We demonstrated how a clade of transporters mediates hormone flow while utilizing defined cell-file-specific vacuolar storage at the phloem unloading zone, allowing a hormone slow-release mechanism required for suberin formation in the maturation zone.
Optical bound states in the continuum (BICs) have recently attracted a great deal of attention as an efficient way to localize and manipulate light at nanoscale. Traditionally, generation of BICs has relied on using artificial structures where suppression of radiative losses leads to very high Q factors. Here, we show that BICs may play an important biological role by boosting light−matter interactions in a biogenic nanostructure: tapetum reflector of a shrimp eye. Enveloping photosensitive units of the retina (rhabdoms), this system contains quasiperiodic arrays of spherical core−shell nanoparticles which include concentric lamellae of single-crystal isoxanthopterin nanoplates arranged around a hollow core. The radial alignment of the plates gives rise to the spherical anisotropy of the nanoparticles which provides access to quasi-BIC modes in a full visible domain. Thus, a tapetum reflector hosting BICs maximizes light interactions with rhabdoms, enhancing the eye's sensitivity. Our findings suggest that BICs, previously associated with man-made structures only, can be generated in biogenic structures, performing crucial optical functionalities in living organisms.
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