The Kepler Mission Science Operations Center (SOC) performs several critical functions including managing the ∼156,000 target stars, associated target tables, science data compression tables and parameters, as well as processing the raw photometric data downlinked from the spacecraft each month. The raw data are first calibrated at the pixel level to correct for bias, smear induced by a shutterless readout, and other detector and electronic effects. A background sky flux is estimated from ∼4500 pixels on each of the 84 CCD readout channels, and simple aperture photometry is performed on an optimal aperture for each star. Ancillary engineering data and diagnostic information extracted from the science data are used to remove systematic errors in the flux time series that are correlated with these data prior to searching for signatures of transiting planets with a wavelet-based, adaptive matched filter. Stars with signatures exceeding 7.1σ are subjected to a suite of statistical tests including an examination of each star's centroid motion to reject false positives caused by background eclipsing binaries. Physical parameters for each planetary candidate are fitted to the transit signature, and signatures of additional transiting planets are sought in the residual light curve. The pipeline is operational, finding planetary signatures and providing robust eliminations of false positives.
We give an overview of the operational concepts and architecture of the Kepler Science Processing Pipeline. Designed, developed, operated, and maintained by the Kepler Science Operations Center (SOC) at NASA Ames Research Center, the Science Processing Pipeline is a central element of the Kepler Ground Data System. The SOC consists of an office at Ames Research Center, software development and operations departments, and a data center which hosts the computers required to perform data analysis. The SOC's charter is to analyze stellar photometric data from the Kepler spacecraft and report results to the Kepler Science Office for further analysis. We describe how this is accomplished via the Kepler Science Processing Pipeline, including the hardware infrastructure, scientific algorithms, and operational procedures. We present the high-performance, parallel computing software modules of the pipeline that perform transit photometry, pixel-level calibration, systematic error correction, attitude determination, stellar target management, and instrument characterization. We show how data processing environments are divided to support operational processing and test needs. We explain the operational timelines for data processing and the data constructs that flow into the Kepler Science Processing Pipeline.
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The Kepler Science Operations Center (SOC) is responsible for the configuration and management of the SOC Science Processing Pipeline, processing of the science data, distributing data and reports to the Science Office, exporting processed data for archiving to the Data Management Center at the Space Telescope Science Institute, and generation and management of the target and aperture definitions. We present an overview of the SOC procedures and workflows for the data the SOC manages and processes. There are several levels of reviews, approvals, and processing for the various types of data. We describe the process flow from data receipt through data processing and export, as well as the procedures in place for accomplishing the tasks. The tools used to accomplish the goals of Kepler science operations will be presented and discussed as well. These include command-line tools and graphical user interfaces, as well as commercial products. The tools provide a wide range of functionality for the SOC including pipeline operation, configuration management, and process workflow implementation. For a demonstration of the Kepler Science Operations Center's processes, procedures, and tools, we present the life of a quarter's worth of data, from target and aperture table generation through archiving the data collected with those tables.
Epoxy composites reinforced with recycled cellulose fibre (RCF) have been synthesized and characterized. The reinforcement by RCF has resulted in a significant increase in the strain at break, fracture toughness and impact toughness but moderate increase in flexural strength and flexural modulus. The effect of seawater soaking on the flexural and impact properties has also been investigated. The micromechanisms of toughening and crack-tip failure processes are identified and discussed in the light of observed microstructures from in-situ and ex-situ fracture.
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