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Earthen architecture has a significant share in the world’s fund of both residential architecture and cultural heritage. It provides a home to more than half of the world’s population and can be found in seismically active areas. Empirically acquired knowledge on building with rammed earth (RE) has usually been passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth, with no written scientific grant for the load-bearing capacity and resistance of structural elements. Today, many countries still do not have standards for the design of RE structures. In the development of new as well as existing design standards, the results of experimental research play a significant role. The focus of this study was on unstabilized RE, which is locally available material with low embodied energy. This paper elaborates experimental campaigns, within which meticulous techniques were employed to provide new knowledge on RE for use in earthquake-prone areas. Furthermore, this paper includes: (i) ranges of values of mechanical properties determined on RE specimens from all over the world; (ii) a comparative summary of experimental research conducted on walls and buildings to assess their seismic performance; (iii) an overview of standards and testing methods used in experiments; and (iv) recommendations for further research.

Sažetak: Otpadne vode se moraju pročistiti prije ispuštanja u recipijent. Jedan od načina pročišćavanja otpadnih voda je pročišćavanje biljnim uređajima. Biljni uređaji su kompleksni biološki sustavi koji oponašaju procese u prirodi. Jednostavan su, prihvatljiv i ekonomski opravdan način zaštite voda. U radu su opisani biljni uređaji (umjetne močvare) kroz vrste uređaja, njihove prednosti i nedostatke, osnove projektiranja i hidraulički proračun. Posebno je analiziran biljni uređaj Vinogradci.

Available evidence classifies traditional earth architecture as Croatia's treasure as they embody authenticity and uniqueness. Thereunto, Baranja's earth houses are presented as the best realizations of traditional Croatian rural architecture. Although present in Croatia, earth houses are often relinquished, damaged, or in an adverse state. The Act on Protection and Preservation of Cultural Goods defines the traditional earth house as an immovable cultural good which, as such, needs to be protected from disappearing. Nevertheless, until today there has been no conducted research on traditional Croatian earth architecture to assess their behaviour and performance. Croatia is situated in an earthquake-prone area, thus the design of all load-bearing structures has to be done in accordance with standards from the HRN EN 1998 series. In this paper, the seismic behaviour and dynamic properties of a typical Croatian earth house were investigated. The paper consists of three main parts. The first part is dedicated to the description of the geometry and materials of a typical traditional Croatian house. The second part presents numerical model developed using the ANSYS software package, which allowed assessment of the dynamic properties and seismic capacity of the house. The third and last part of the paper provides a discussion on results considering the nonlinear behaviour of the traditional earth house.

Earthen architecture largely supports the concept of sustainable building. In the seismically active area of eastern Croatia, there is a large number of rammed earth houses, many of which are over 100 years old. All these houses were built using empirical knowledge, i.e., without applying national design standards. In order to support the preservation of ethnic villages and traditional rammed earth houses, a field survey was conducted. Parts of the walls of traditional rammed earth houses were collected, and the material was thoroughly analyzed. Samples of rammed earth were reproduced, and tests were carried out with the aim of determining the shear strength to subsequently determine the seismic behavior of Croatian traditional earthen architecture. This paper presents the results of shear strength tests on samples with different particle size distributions, lime content, the straw of different cereals but also hemp fibers. An increase in shear strength was observed with the addition of natural fibers to the samples.

Waste water treatment facility of Vukovar city with capacity for 42000 inhabitants is planned to be built on Danube right riverbank, downstream the city. Due to a large area required for facility buildings and site topography, a plateau of 40000 m2 and total 270000 m3 needs to be built with a large part laying behind the sand filled embankment in Danube riverbed. Loess deposits near Danube riverbank are vertically rising up to 30 m from water level and a very narrow strip of dry land between river and loess slopes limits the possibilities for positioning the plateau for the facility, hence this kind of spreading bank to the river side was the only possible solution. The complex engineering problem demanded extensive investigation works and a sensitive analysis of stability, settlements and liquefaction susceptibility, as well as a strict and comprehensive control of sand embankment properties. Some of the specific aspects of design solution related to geotechnical analyses of the revetment and the plateau, formed for positioning the facility buildings, are presented in this paper.