Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and aldosterone receptor antagonists ameliorate malignant nephrosclerotic lesions of thrombotic microangiopathy in salt-loaded, stroke-prone, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) without controlling hypertension. This suggests that angiotensin II (Ang II) and/or aldosterone (ALDO) plays a critical role in renal injury in this model. For evaluating their relative roles in the pathogenesis of thrombotic microangiopathy, SHRSP were adrenalectomized and infused with vehicle, Ang II, or ALDO or were sham-operated for adrenalectomy (SHAM). Saline-drinking rats were assigned to one of four groups: SHAM, adrenalectomy, adrenalectomy + Ang II (25 ng/min, subcutaneously), or adrenalectomy + ALDO (40 micro g/kg per d, subcutaneously). All SHRSP received dexamethasone (12 micro g/kg per d, subcutaneously). Adrenalectomy did not show changes in body weight, plasma creatinine, sodium and potassium, and daily urinary sodium and potassium excretion; did not prevent hypertension but prevented proteinuria (12 +/- 1 versus 49 +/- 3 mg/d; P < 0.01); and abrogated thrombotic microangiopathy and decreased plasma aldosterone (<16 versus 710 +/- 91 pg/ml; P < 0.001) compared with SHAM. Systolic BP in adrenalectomy + Ang II and adrenalectomy + ALDO (238 +/- 8 and 241 +/- 9 mmHg, respectively) was similar to SHAM. Despite Ang II infusion, proteinuria (17 +/- 9 mg/d) and thrombotic microangiopathy and plasma aldosterone (18 +/- 18 pg/ml) remained low but daily urinary excretion of sodium and potassium were not different from adrenalectomy + ALDO. Adrenalectomy + ALDO showed plasma aldosterone levels of 735 +/- 147 pg/ml; plasma potassium was lower; plasma creatinine and proteinuria (78 +/- 7 mg/d) were greater and thrombotic microangiopathy lesions were comparable to SHAM. These results demonstrate a pivotal role for aldosterone in the development of thrombotic microangiopathy, independent of hypertension.

Helicobacter spp. can be detected in bile and gallbladder tissue of patients with benign gallbladder disease. The contribution of these bacteria to the pathophysiology of gallbladder disease and gallstone formation requires further study.

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