Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism. Circulating uric acid in the human body is produced by the body (endogenous uric acid) as well as derived from food (exogenous uric acid). Normal serum uric acid level is <7.0 mg / dL in men and <6.0 in women. Obesity can be defined as excess body fat. One of the markers used for body fat content is body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to compare the levels of uric acid in obese and non-obese subjects. This was an analytical study with a cross sectional design. The population is students of Faculty of Medicine University of Sam Ratulangi Manado. Samples were male students of batch 2013. There were 42 male students, consisted of 21 obese and 21 non-obese students. The results showed that the average of uric acid levels in obese group was 8.05 mg/dL and in non-obese group 6.63 mg/dL. In the obese group, 67% had an increase in uric acid level meanwhile in the non-obese group only 38%. The statistical test showed a sig 0,009. Conclusion: In this study, the average of uric acid level in obese group was significantly higher than in the non-obese group. However, there were students with either normal or high uric acid levels in both groups.Keywords: uric acid, obeseAbstrak: Asam urat merupakan produk akhir metabolisme purin. Asam urat yang beredar di dalam tubuh manusia di produksi sendiri oleh tubuh (asam urat endogen) dan berasal dari makanan (asam urat eksogen). Normalnya kadar asam urat serum <7,0 mg/dL pada pria dan <6,0 mg/dL pada wanita. Obesitas dapat di definisikan sebagai kelebihan lemak tubuh. Penanda kandungan lemak tubuh yang digunakan ialah indeks masa tubuh (IMT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kadar asam urat pada subyek obes dan non obes. Penelitian ini bersifat analitik dengan pendekatan potong lintang. Populasi penelitian ialah mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado. Sampel idalah mahasiswa pria angkatan 2013 dan didapatkan 42 orang yang terbagi atas 21 obes dan 21 non obes. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan rerata kadar asam urat pada obes 8,05 mg/dL dan pada non-obes 6,63 mg/dL. Peningkatan kadar asam urat ditemukan 67% pada kelompok obes dan 38% pada kelompok non-obes. Uji statistik menunjukkan nilai sig 0,009. Simpulan: Pada penelitian ini rerata kadar asam urat pada kelompok obes lebih tinggi secara bermakna daripada kelompok non-obes. Walaupun demikian, pada kedua kelompok ditemukan mahasiswa dengan kadar asam urat normal maupun meningkat.Kata kunci: asam urat, obesitas
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is an uncomfortable condition or other symptoms in the chest due to lack of oxygen consumption in myocardium. In 2004, WHO reported that myocard infarct is main cause of death in the world. There is a strong correlation of risk factor to incidence of acute coronary syndrome. Prevention of acute coronary syndrome case is needed by identifying the risk factor that contributes to the acute coronary syndrome to occur. The aim of this study is to investigate the risk factors of acute coronary syndrome. This study is a retrospective cross-sectional. Forty four cases defined as ACS were evaluated in this study, 32 cases were men and 12 cases were women. The majority of ACS cases were 46-55 years old. The risk factor were found were : hypertension were 37 cases, diabetes were 18 cases, raised cholesterol total level were 18 cases, raised LDL level were 32 cases, raised uric acid level were 13 cases, smoking habits were 11 cases. Only 1 cases were having cardiovascular disease history in family.In this study the majority risk factors were hypertension, diabetes, and raised cholesterol level. The highest number of risk factor is 7 risk factors, only 2 cases were having 2 risk factors Keywords: acute coronary syndrome, myocard infarct, risk factor Abstrak: Sindrom koroner akut (SKA) adalah sebuah kondisi yang melibatkan ketidaknyamanan dada atau gejala lain yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya oksigen ke otot jantung (miokardium). Menurut laporan WHO, pada tahun 2004, penyakit infark miokard akut merupakan penyebab kematian utama di dunia.Sebuah studi menjelaskan hubungan yang kuat antara faktor risiko dengan kejadian sindrom koroner akut. Perlu upaya pengendalian kejadian SKA dengan mengidentifikasi faktor risiko yang berperan terhadap terjadinya SKA.Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran faktor risiko penderita sindrom koroner akut ini menggunakan metode retrospektif dengan studi cross-sectional.Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 44 orang. Penderita laki-laki lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan penderita perempuan. Kelompok usia terbanyak yang menderita SKA adalah 46-55 tahun. Terdapat 37 orang penderita yang memiliki tekanan darah di atas normal. Terdapat 18 orang memiliki kadar gula darah puasa meningkat. Kadar kolesterol total meningkat dimiliki oleh 18 orang penderita. Kadar kolesterol LDL meningkat dimiliki oleh 32 orang penderita. Kadar kolesterol HDL rendah dimiliki oleh 15 orang penderita. Tiga belas orang memiliki kadar asam urat tinggi. Sebelas orang memiliki riwayat merokok. Hanya 1 orang memiliki riwayat penyakit kardiovaskuler dalam keluarga. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa faktor risiko utama pada penelitian ini adalah hipertensi, diabetes, dan peningkatan kadar kolesterol. Faktor risiko terbanyak adalah 7 faktor risiko yang dimiliki oleh 3 orang penderita. Hanya 2 orang penderita yang memiliki 2 faktor risiko. Kata kunci:sindrom koroner akut, infark miokard, faktor risiko
COVID-19 patients could experience many respiratory symptoms accompanied with increased inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP). Vitamin D is known to have a positive effect on immune system by decreasing inflammatory process. This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D and CRP concentration and clinical severity, and the correlation between vitamin D concentration and CRP concentration in COVID-19 patients. This was an observational and analytical study with a cross-sectional design conducted at Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou hospital. A total of 40 subjects with COVID-19 were included. Clinical severity was classified into moderate and severe. All subjects underwent vitamin D and CRP concentration examination. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between vitamin D level and clinical severity of patients with COVID-19 (p=0.0001). There was a significant relationship between CRP level and clinical severity of patients with COVID-19 (p=0.0001). Moreover, there was a negative correlation between vitamin D concentration and CRP concentration (r=-0.49, p=0.001). In conclusion, vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency is related to CRP increament and clinical severity of patients with COVID-19.Keywords: coronavirus disease 2019, vitamin D, C-reactive protein (CRP), clinical severityAbstrak: Penderita COVID-19 mengalami berbagai gejala pernapasan disertai dengan pening-katan beberapa penanda inflamasi, salah satunya C-reactive protein (CRP). Vitamin D diketahui memiliki efek positif terhadap sistem imun tubuh dengan cara meredam proses inflamasi berlebihan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat hubungan antara kadar vitamin D dan kadar CRP dengan klinis COVID-19, dan korelasi antara kadar vitamin D dengan kadar CRP. Jenis penelitian ini ialah studi analitik observasional dengan desain potong lintang yang dilakukan di RSUP Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou. Total sampel sebanyak 40 pasien dengan diagnosis COVID-19. Gejala klinis pasien dibagi menjadi sedang dan berat. Pemeriksaan kadar vitamin D dan kadar CRP dilakukan pada seluruh sampel. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan hubungan bermakna antara kadar vitamin D dengan klinis pasien COVID-19 (p=0,0001), dan antara kadar CRP dengan klinis pasien COVID-19 (p=0,0001). Terdapat korelasi negatif antara kadar vitamin D dengan kadar CRP (r=-0,49, p=0,001). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah insufisiensi atau defisiensi vitamin D berhubungan dengan peningkatan CRP dan klinis pasien COVID-19.Kata kunci: coronavirus disease 2019, vitamin D, C-reactive protein (CRP), gejala klinis
Hyperuricemia leads to left ventricular hypertrophy that affects the occurrence of congestive heart failure. Increased uric acid level causes increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This ROS stimulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) which binds to tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) in the heart, causing a series of reactions of myocyte apoptosis and fibrosis with left ventricular hypertrophy as the final result. This study aimed to determine the relationship between hyperuricemia and cardiomegaly in patients with congestive heart failure. This was an analytical study with a cross sectional design. Samples were 30 patients with congestive heart failure hospitalized in Irina F and Cardio Vascular Brain Center Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital in Manado. The result of independent T test stated that there was a significant association between hyperuricemia and cardiomegaly in patients with congestive heart failure with a p value 0,020 and an odds ratio of 3.571.Keywords: hyperuricemia, cardiomegaly, left ventricular hypertrophy, congestive heart failure Abstrak: Hiperurisemia menyebabkan terjadinya hipertrofi ventrikel kiri sehingga berdampak terjadinya gagal jantung kongestif. Peningkatan kadar asam urat menyebabkan peningkatan produksi reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS akan menstimulasi tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) yangs selanjutnya akan berikatan dengan tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) di jantung sehingga menyebabkan serangkaian reaksi apoptosis miosit dan fibrosis dengan hasil akhir hipertrofi ventrikel kiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan hiperurisemia dengan kardiomegali pada pasien gagal jantung kongestif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Sampel penelitian ini ialah 30 pasien gagal jantung kongestif di rawat inap Irina F dan Cardio Vascular Brain Center RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Hasil Uji T Independent menyatakan bahwa ada hubungan bermakna antara hiperurisemia dan kardiomegali pada pasien gagal jantung kongestif (p=0,020), dengan nilai odds ratio sebesar 3,571.Kata kunci: hiperurisemia, kardiomegali, hipertrofi ventrikel kiri, gagal jantung kongestif
Abstrak: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with characteristics of hyperglycemia that occurs due to abnormalities in insulin secretion, action or both. Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism. Uric acid has been identified as a marker for a metabolic number and hemodynamic abnormalities. In diabetic patients, there is biochemical interaction between serum glucose and purine metabolism, with increased excretion of uric acid during hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Another theory explained that the increase of inflammatory response on diabetes mellitus may have a direct protective effect toward incidences of gout and hyperuricemia which directly produces an intense inflammatory response on uric crystallines containing antioxidant effects and free radical. HbA1C is a bond between glucose and hemoglobin. HbA1c examination is a standard for measuring the long-term glycemic value in diabetic patients. This study was aimed to determine the correlation of uric acid and HbA1C in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study was an analytical cross sectional. Sample selection was done by simple random sampling method. Data sources were secondary data from medical records of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are hospitalized. The result of Spearman correlation analysis on the correlation of uric acidand HbA1C showed r value = -0.211 and p = 0.263 (p>α). Conclusion: There was no correlation between uric acid and HbA1C in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, uric acid, HbA1C Abstrak: Diabetes melitus merupakan suatu kelompok metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia yang terjadi karena kelainan sekresi insulin, kerja insulin atau keduanya. Asam urat merupakan produk akhir metabolisme purin. Asam urat telah diidentifikasi sebagai penanda dari beberapa abnormalitas metabolik dan hemodinamik. Pada pasien diabetes melitus, dijumpai interaksi biokimiawi antara glukosa serum dan metabolisme purin, dengan peningkatan ekskresi asam urat selama hiperglikemia dan glikosuria. Teori lain menjelaskan bahwa meningkatnya respons inflamasi pada DM mungkin secara langsung justru memiliki efek protektif terhadap kejadian gout dan hiperurisemia yang secara langsung menghasilkan respons inflamasi yang intens terhadap kristal urat yang memiliki efek anti oksidan dan radikal bebas. HbA1C merupakan ikatan antara glukosa dengan hemoglobin. Pemeriksaan HbA1C merupakan standard dalam pemeriksaan kadar gula darah jangka panjang pada penyandang diabetes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan asam urat dan HbA1C pada penderita diabetes melitus tipe 2. Jenis penelitian ialah analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan dengan metode simple random sampling. Sumber data merupakan data sekunder dari data rekam medik pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 yang dirawat inap. Hasil analisis korelasi spearman pada hubungan asam urat dengan HbA1c memperoleh nilai r = -0,211dan p = 0,263 (p > α). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan asam urat dengan HbA1C pada penderita diabetes melitus tipe2. Kata kunci: diabetes melitus tipe 2, asam urat, HbA1C
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