Mitigating and adapting to climate change requires decarbonizing electricity while ensuring resilience of supply, since a warming planet will lead to greater extremes in weather and, plausibly, in power outages. Although it is well known that longduration outages severely impact economies, such outages are usually not well characterized or modeled in grid infrastructure planning tools. Here, we bring together data and modeling techniques and show how they can be used to characterize and model long-duration outages. We illustrate how to integrate outages in planning tools for one promising mode of resilient energy supply-microgrids. Failing to treat these extremes in models can lead to microgrid designs (1) that do not realize their full value of resilience, since models do not see the benefits of protecting against extremes, and (2) that appear reliable on paper yet do not actually protect against extremes. Although utilities record power interruptions, lack of access to that data is hindering research on resilience; making datasets available publicly would substantially aid efforts to improve grid planning tools.
This article discusses environmental technology developments in the Department of Defense (DOD) and how the use of innovative technologies can substantially reduce costs and increase the efectiveness of DOD environmental programs. DOD's overall strategy for environmental technology is to identify and establish priorities among users' needs and to implement environmental solutions through thedevelopment of technologies and their subsequent transfer to the user community. The authors examine the oversight and management of the Environmental Technology Development Process (ETDP) and the roles of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDRt3E) and Deputy Under Secreta y of Defense for Environmental Security (DUSD(ES)). The respective roles of the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), Environmental Security Technology Cert$cation Program, and supporting efforts by the milita y components are reviewed. The authors also highlight a number of promising environmental technology initiatives and their potential benefits to DOD. The article concludes with a discussion of DOD technology transfer efforts and the mechanisms being used for the collection and dissemination of data on technology availability and performance-including relevant Web site and Internet addresses.
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