CI ¼ confidence interval, IV ¼ intravenous, IVC ¼ inferior vena cava, TIPS ¼ transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, UAE ¼ uterine artery embolization PREAMBLE In 2010, the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) published its first practice guidelines regarding the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in vascular and interventional radiology (IR) (1). The present update to the original guidelines aims to address the expanding breadth of IR procedures, including the increasing prevalence of pediatric IR procedures, and the increasing repertoire of antibacterial agents. As was the case for the original guidelines (1), the availability of randomized controlled data regarding antibiotic prophylaxis is lacking in the IR literature. Much data are derived from retrospective reviews
The membership of the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) Standards of Practice Committee represents experts in a broad spectrum of interventional procedures from the private and academic sectors of medicine. Generally, Standards of Practice Committee members dedicate the vast majority of their professional time to performing interventional procedures; as such, they represent a valid broad expert constituency of the subject matter under consideration for standards production.Technical documents specifying the exact consensus and literature review methodologies as well as the institutional affiliations and professional credentials of the authors of this document are available upon request from SIR, 3975 Fair Ridge Dr., Suite 400 N., Fairfax, VA 22033.
METHODOLOGYSIR produces its Standards of Practice documents using the following process. Standards documents of relevance and timeliness are conceptualized by the Standards of Practice Committee members. A recognized expert is identified to serve as the principal author for the standard. Additional authors may be assigned dependent upon the magnitude of the project.An in-depth literature search is performed using electronic medical literature databases. Then, a critical review of peer-reviewed articles is performed with regard to the study methodology, results, and conclusions. The qualitative weight of these articles is assembled into an evidence table, which is used to write the document such that it contains evidence-based data with respect to content, rates, and thresholds (Fig E1 and Table E1, available online at www.jvir.org).When the evidence of literature is weak, conflicting, or contradictory, consensus for the parameter is reached by a minimum of 12 Standards of Practice Committee members using a modified Delphi consensus method (Appendix A). For purposes of these documents, consensus is defined as 80% Delphi participant agreement on a value or parameter.The draft document is critically reviewed by the Standards of Practice Committee members by telephone conference calling or face-to-face meeting. The finalized draft from the Committee is sent to the SIR membership for further input/criticism during a 30-day comment period. These comments are discussed by the Standards of Practice Committee, and appropriate revisions are made to create the finished standards document. Prior to its publication, the document is endorsed by the SIR Executive Council.
Vascular complications after liver transplantation increase post-operative morbidity and contribute to the incidence of retransplantation. Vascular complications comprise arterial, caval, and portal venous pathology, with the majority of complications being arterial in etiology, including anastomotic stricture, pseudoaneurysm, and thrombosis. There are two major therapeutic options for the treatment of these arterial complications: endovascular intervention and surgery. The former includes intra-arterial thrombolysis, embolization, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, and stent placement. The latter includes thrombectomy, reanastomosis, and retransplantation. Although surgical treatment has been considered the first choice for management in the past, advances in endovascular intervention have increased and make it a viable therapeutic option following orthotopic liver transplantation. This review focuses on the role of surgical and endovascular therapy in the management of hepatic arterial complications after liver transplantation.
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