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Prominent trade disputes between Canada and the U.S. involve agriculture and forestry, with lack of transparency caused by Canadian non-market institutions a source of U.S. objections. Though there has been a recent flurry of activity in the binational dispute resolution panel on Canadian exports of wheat, one of every six panels since 1989 has involved softwood lumber. We examine lessons from the lumber dispute to shed light on U.S. objections to the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB). We argue that U.S. lumber lobbyists will continue to use perceived Canadian institutional obscurity to keep pressure on policymakers, while the CWB system enables similar agricultural interests in to agitate for trade sanctions. Traditional strategies such as dispute resolution boards, appeals to the WTO, and bilateral policy reform can only buy Canada time-new strategies are needed if Canada is to maintain sovereignty over its trade institutions.

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Carbon offsets generated under the Kyoto Protocol (KP) should be included in the management options considered by resource managers. This paper investigates investments in afforestation for the generation of KP-compliant carbon offsets in the Timmins Management Unit, concentrating on the availability of quality carbon budget models, domestic carbon market concerns and the presence of an enabling environment. A modelling exercise is undertaken using GORCAM-WC1, with ownership, leading species, investment horizon, site productivity and carbon price as variables. Under current institutional frameworks, afforestation projects with the purpose of generating carbon offsets in the TMU are not viable investments for the first commitment period, though such projects will be profitable under certain conditions if constraints are removed and investment is long term.Key words: afforestation, Kyoto Protocol, boreal Ontario, carbon sequestration RÉSUMÉ Les retraits de carbone générés sous le Protocole de Kyoto (PK) devraient être inclus parmi les options d'aménagement envisages par les gestionnaires des ressources. Cet article étudie les investissements en reboisement dans le but de produire des retraits de carbone conforme au PK dans l'unité d'aménagement de Timmins en s'attardant principalement sur la disponibilité de modèles valables de comptabilisation du carbone, les questions du marché domestique du carbone et la présence d'un environnement favorable. Un exercice de modélisation est effectué au moyen du GORCAM-WC1, la tenure, les principales espèces, la durée de l'investissement, la productivité de la station et la valeur du carbone étant les variables. En fonction des cadres de référence institutionnels actuels, les projets de reboisement visant le retrait de carbone dans la région de Timmins ne constituent pas un investissement viable au cours de la première période d'engagement, mais de tels projets seront profitables sous certaines conditions si des contraintes sont retirées et que l'investissement se fasse à long terme. 3 Under the KP, reforestation is the act of establishing tree cover on land that has been historically forested, but not since 1990, while afforestation occurs when the same activities establish forests on land that has been without trees for significantly longer.

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