The corn drift barriers were effective in reducing particle drift from applications with the ER11004 and the TTI11004 nozzles (Fine and Ultra Coarse spray classifications, respectively). The corn drift barrier had appropriate porosity and width as the airborne spray was captured within its canopy instead of deflecting up and over it. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Many factors, including adjuvants, pesticide formulations, and nozzle tips, affect spray droplet size. It is important to understand these factors as spray droplet size affects both drift and efficacy of pesticides, which is a main concern with pesticide application. A laser particle analyzer was used to determine the spray droplet size and distributions of a range of formulations sprayed through several types of nozzle tips. Nozzles included were extended range flat fan sizes 11003 and 11005 ͑Spraying Systems XR͒, air induction flat fan sizes 11005 and 11004 ͑AI͒, air induction extended range flat fan size 11005 ͑AIXR͒, preorifice flat fan size 11005 ͑TT͒, and a second preorifice flat fan size 2.5 ͑TF͒. Several deposition/ retention adjuvants were studied, including Array, Interlock, In-Place, and Thrust. Another study looked at diflufenzopyr ϩ dicamba ͑Status, BASF͒ in combination with several adjuvants. Also, three fungicides were evaluated at differing spray volumes. Results indicated that the droplet size of some nozzle tips is more affected than others by changes in the contents of the spray solution.
Many factors, including adjuvants, pesticide formulations, and nozzle tips, affect spray droplet size. It is important to understand these factors as spray droplet size affects both drift and efficacy of pesticides, which is a main concern with pesticide application. A laser particle analyzer was used to determine the spray droplet size and distributions of a range of formulations sprayed through several types of nozzle tips. Nozzles included were extended range flat fan sizes 11003 and 11005 ͑Spraying Systems XR͒, air induction flat fan sizes 11005 and 11004 ͑AI͒, air induction extended range flat fan size 11005 ͑AIXR͒, preorifice flat fan size 11005 ͑TT͒, and a second preorifice flat fan size 2.5 ͑TF͒. Several deposition/ retention adjuvants were studied, including Array, Interlock, In-Place, and Thrust. Another study looked at diflufenzopyr ϩ dicamba ͑Status, BASF͒ in combination with several adjuvants. Also, three fungicides were evaluated at differing spray volumes. Results indicated that the droplet size of some nozzle tips is more affected than others by changes in the contents of the spray solution.
Core Ideas• Maize seeding over 20,000 kernels ha -1 seldom increased yield in water-limited western Nebraska.• Increased seeding rate increased the number of ears m -2 , which was compensated for by other yield components to reduce or maintain grain yield in western Nebraska.• Primary yield components had greater effect than secondary yield components in water-limted western Nebraska, compared with other studies under wellwatered conditions. ABSTRACTGrain yield components were analyzed to determine the influence of seeding rate on maize (Zea mays L.) yield under rainfed conditions in the Western Corn Belt. The objectives were to compare maize yield and yield components at four seeding rates in Brule, Ogallala, and North Platte, NE, in 2012 and 2013. Research was conducted by planting multiple maize hybrids at 20,000 to 57,000 kernels ha -1 . Grain yield, ears m -2 , rows ear -1 , kernels ear -1 , kernels row -1 , 100-kernel weight, and bulk grain density were determined. Path and regression correlation analyses was used to understand yield determination with seeding rates, and determine yield component relative importance. Seeding rates >20,000 kernels ha -1 only increased maize yield in one environment, whereas decreasing yield by approximately 1 Mg ha -1 in three environments. In the hot, dry 2012 growing season, ears m -2 , kernels ear -1 , and 100-kernel weight had positive direct effects on yield for sites with silt loam and loam soil textures, but only the kernels ear -1 for the sandy soil site. In the higher rainfall environments of 2013, positive direct effect of ears m -2 with yield were present, but in the lower rainfall site, ears m -2 had negative direct effect with yield. Based on the magnitude of the direct effects, the yield component ears m -2 was most important for yield determination followed by the kernels ear -1 , and lastly kernel weight. Maize should be planted at 20,000 kernels ha -1 in the Western Corn Belt to optimize grain yield and the number of ears m -2 produced.
The objectives of this study were to (a) investigate the spray drift potential of dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid) formulations with different nozzles in a low‐speed wind tunnel and (b) evaluate the effects of sublethal rates of dicamba‐containing formulations on non–dicamba‐tolerant (DT) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. The dicamba formulations used were diglycolamine (DGA), N,N‐Bis‐(3‐aminopropyl)methylamine, and diglycolamine with VaporGrip (DGAvg). The wind tunnel drift study was conducted with these three dicamba formulations, two nozzle types (AIXR110015 and TTI110015), and five downwind distances from the nozzle (1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 m). The dicamba rate was 560 g ae ha−1, simulating a 140 L ha−1 carrier volume. The soybean exposure study was conducted in two experimental runs with three sublethal dicamba rates (0.112, 0.56, and 5.6 g ae ha−1), the three dicamba formulations aforementioned, and five non‐DT soybean cultivars (Asgrow A3253, Asgrow AG2636, Credenz CZ2601LL, DynaGro 39RY25, and Hoegemeyer 2511NRR). Applications were made using a spray chamber with a single AI9502EVS even nozzle that delivered 140 L ha−1. During applications, soybean plants were at three‐leaf growth stage. Dicamba formulations had different drift deposition across the AIXR and TTI nozzles. The soybean cultivars had different levels of sensitivity to dicamba and depended on rate vs. formulation interaction. The DGA caused greater biomass reduction on soybean cultivars compared with DGAvg, especially for Credenz CZ2601LL, which was one of the most dicamba‐sensitive cultivars along with Hoegemeyer 2511NRR. Additional care must be taken to mitigate off‐target movement from dicamba applications with these cultivars nearby.
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