This study was designed to determine the effect of active sensitization with ovalbumin (Ova) on cough responses to inhaled irritant gases in mice. Conscious mice moved freely in a recording chamber, while the pressure change in the chamber and audio and video signals of the mouse movements were recorded simultaneously to measure the frequencies of cough reflex (CR) and expiration reflex (ER). To further verify the accuracy of cough analysis, the intrapleural pressure was also recorded by a telemetry sensor surgically implanted in the intrapleural space in a subgroup of mice. During the irritant gas inhalation challenge, sulfur dioxide (SO; 200 and 400 ppm) or ammonia (NH; 0.1% and 0.2%) was drawn into the chamber at a constant flow rate for 8 min. Ova sensitization and sham sensitization with vehicle (Veh) were performed over a 25-day period in separate groups of mice. Our results showed that ) both SO and NH inhalation challenges increased CR and ER frequencies in a concentration-dependent manner before Ova sensitization; ) the baseline CR frequency was significantly elevated after Ova sensitization, accompanied by pronounced airway inflammation; and) Ova sensitization also markedly augmented the responses of CR and ER to both SO and NH inhalation challenges; in sharp contrast, the cough responses did not change after sham sensitization in the Veh group. In conclusion, Ova sensitization caused distinct and lingering increases in baseline cough frequency, and also intensified both CR and ER responses to inhaled irritant gases, which probably resulted from an allergic inflammation-induced hypersensitivity of airway sensory nerves.
This report focus on the analysis of financial reports of several banks to evaluate Return on Equity (ROE) and other ratios like the Tax ratio, Asset turnover, Asset/Equity ratio and also to find out the impact of different elements on the Return on Equity (ROE). We had chosen this topic named 'Impact of different factors on ROE of banks' to get the proper understanding that how ROE is related to other factors of financial statements. We have collected relevant secondary data, theoretical literature and also some other valuable information before developing this research paper on 'Impact of different factors on ROE of banks'. The core objective of this paper is to find out the effects of different elements of financial statements of a bank on the Return on Equity (ROE). There are some elements to evaluate a bank's performance, but all of these the Return on Equity is the most essential elements to evaluate a bank's performance properly. The Return on equity (ROE) reveals that how much profit a bank can earn in comparison to the shareholder's total amount of equity found on the balance sheet. High return on equity reveals that A bank is more capable of generating more cash internally, when it has a high Return on Equity. In most cases, a bank's with the higher return on equity which is compared to the industry average, is the better. For that reason, a bank puts more emphasis on the Return on Equity (ROE). Besides, management works hard to show the better ROE on the financial statements since it is very crucial to the potential investors. Other elements/indicators of the financial statement/performance might have some effect on ROE. Increasing in some elements might lead to increase in ROE and vice-versa. Some elements might not have any effect on ROE. In this research, we have evaluated the effects of those elements on ROE and how much they affect. The core objective of this paper is to examine the different factors (assets, PAT/PBT, Interest Margin etc.) impact on a bank's Return on Equity (ROE).
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