Oral delivery of therapeutics is the preferred route for systemic drug administration due to ease of access and improved patient compliance. However, many therapeutics suffer from low oral bioavailability due to low pH and enzymatic conditions, poor cellular permeability, and low residence time. Microfabrication techniques have been used to create planar, asymmetric microdevices for oral drug delivery to address these limitations. The geometry of these microdevices facilitates prolonged drug exposure with unidirectional release of drug toward gastrointestinal epithelium. While these devices have significantly enhanced drug permeability in vitro and in vivo, loading drug into the micron‐scale reservoirs of the devices in a low‐waste, high‐capacity manner remains challenging. Here, we use picoliter‐volume inkjet printing to load topotecan and insulin into planar microdevices efficiently. Following a simple surface functionalization step, drug solution can be spotted into the microdevice reservoir. We show that relatively high capacities of both topotecan and insulin can be loaded into microdevices in a rapid, automated process with little to no drug waste.

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), a technology that resulted from significant innovation in semiconductor fabrication, have recently been applied to the development of silicon nanopore membranes (SNM). In contrast to membranes fabricated from polymeric materials, SNM exhibit slit-shaped pores, monodisperse pore size, constant surface porosity, zero pore overlap, and sub-micron thickness. This development in membrane fabrication is applied herein for the validation of the XDLVO (extended Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek) theory of membrane transport within the context of hemofiltration. In this work, the XDLVO model has been derived for the unique slit pore structure of SNM. Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), a clinically relevant “middle molecular weight” solute in kidney disease, is highlighted in this study as the solute of interest. In order to determine interaction parameters within the XDLVO model for B2M and SNM, goniometric measurements were conducted, yielding a Hamaker constant of 4.61× 10−21 J and an acid-base Gibbs free energy at contact of 41 mJ/m2. The XDLVO model was combined with existing models for membrane sieving, with predictions of the refined model in good agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, the results show a significant difference between the XDLVO model and the simpler steric predictions typically applied in membrane transport. The refined model can be used as a tool to tailor membrane chemistry and maximize sieving or rejection of different biomolecules.

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have enabled the fabrication of silicon nanopore membranes (SNM) with uniform non-overlapping “slit shaped” pores. The application of SNM has been suggested for high selectivity of biomolecules in a variety of medical filtration applications. The aim of this study was to rigorously quantify the differences in sieving between slit pore SNM and more commonly modeled cylindrical pore membranes, including effects of the extended Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (XDLVO) interactions. Applying equations derived for SNM in previous work, we compare the partition coefficient of slit and cylindrical pore membranes while accounting for both steric and XDLVO interactions. Simple, steric approximations demonstrate that slit pore membranes exhibit significantly lower partition coefficients than cylindrical pore models. Incorporating XDLVO interactions results in an even more marked difference between slit pore and cylindrical pore membranes. These partition coefficients were used to evaluate changes in beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) selectivity. The data demonstrate that XDLVO interactions increase the selectivity advantage that slit pores possess over cylindrical pores, particularly for larger values of the acid-base decay constant. Finally, the bovine serum albumin (BSA) to B2M selectivity ratio was investigated. The selectivity ratio appears larger in slit pores than cylindrical pores for all cases, indicating that slit pores are particularly well suited for hemofiltration applications. The results of this study have significant implications for the application of SNM in membrane processes where highly selective separations of biomolecules is desirable.

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A systematic study of the interactions between nucleases and oligonucleotide-coated gold nanoparticles (spherical nucleic acids, SNAs) demonstrates that the modular units of SNAs can be leveraged to either accelerate or suppress nuclease kinetics.