Flexible electronics can create lightweight, conformable components that could be integrated into smart systems for applications in healthcare, wearable devices and the Internet of Things. Such integrated smart systems will require a flexible processing engine to address their computational needs. However, the flexible processors demonstrated so far are typically fabricated using low-temperature polysilicon thin-film transistor (TFT) technology, which has a high manufacturing cost, and the processors that have been created with low-cost metal-oxide TFT technology have limited computational capabilities. Here, we report a processing engine that is fabricated with a commercial 0.8 μm metal-oxide TFT technology. We develop a resource-efficient machine learning (ML) algorithm (termed univariate Bayes feature voting classifier) and demonstrate its implementation with hardwired parameters as a flexible processing engine for an odour recognition application. Our flexible processing engine contains around 1,000 logic gates and has a gate density per area that is 20-45 times higher than other digital integrated circuits built with metal-oxide TFTs.Flexible electronic devices are built on substrates such as paper, plastic and metal foil, and use active materials such as organics, metal oxides and amorphous silicon. They offer a number of advantages over traditional silicon devices, including thinness, conformability and low manufacturing costs, and various commercial systems are already available, including organic light emitting diodes, flexible displays and organic photovoltaics. The integration of different flexible components -for instance, printed sensors, organic displays, printed batteries, energy harvesters, memories, antennas, and near field communication or radio frequency identification (RFID) chips -could lead to innovative products such as flexible integrated smart systems [1] for logistics, fast moving consumer goods (FMCG), healthcare, wearables, and the Internet of Things 157 standard ML practice: The dataset is split into training and test datasets. Then, the ML algorithms are 158 trained offline using the training datasets. Once the training is complete, the performance of the ML 159 algorithms with learned parameters are evaluated with the test datasets. We use a 5-fold cross-validation 160 methodology to avoid overfitting. Classification prediction accuracy is used as a metric that is defined as 161 how accurate the prediction is with respect to the ground truth. No visible difference is observed between 162 5-bit and full precision data representations. The best performing ML algorithm is GNB with a prediction 163 accuracy of 92%. b) The 5-bit GNB design variants are compared in terms of gate count and execution 164 time. The three GNB variants are created by either sharing or duplicating the multiply-accumulate (MAC)
Understanding body malodour in a measurable manner is essential for developing personal care products. Body malodour is the result of bodily secretion of a highly complex mixture of volatile organic compounds. Current body malodour measurement methods are manual, time consuming and costly, requiring an expert panel of assessors to assign a malodour score to each human test subject. This article proposes a technology-based solution to automate this task by developing a custom-designed malodour score classification system comprising an electronic nose sensor array, a sensor readout interface and a machine learning hardware fabricated on low-cost flexible substrates. The proposed flexible integrated smart system is to augment the expert panel by acting like a panel assessor but could ultimately replace the panel to reduce the test and measurement costs. We demonstrate that it can classify malodour scores as good as or even better than half of the assessors on the expert panel.
This paper describes a design approach for incorporating sequence-aware watermarks in soft IP Embedded Processors. The influence of watermark sequence parameters on detection, area and power overheads is examined, and consequently a sequence-aware method for incorporating sequenceaware watermarks in soft IP Embedded Processors is proposed. The intrinsic parameters of sequences, such as the activity factor and the overlapping factor are introduced, and their impact on correlation results is demonstrated. Measurement experimental results from FPGA and ASIC validate the design approach and demonstrate the resulting IP protection and subsequent costs for constrained embedded processors. Results presented in this paper show that the tradeoff occurs between the watermark robustness against third party IP attacks and hardware implementation costs. The analysis of this tradeoff is provided and an application specific watermark implementation is proposed.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.