The carbohydrate antigen globo H commonly found on breast cancer
cells is a potential target for vaccine therapy. The objectives of this
trial were to determine the toxicity and immunogenicity of three
synthetic globo H-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugates plus the
immunologic adjuvant QS-21. Twenty-seven metastatic breast cancer
patients received five vaccinations each. The vaccine was well
tolerated, and no definite differences were observed among the three
formulations. Serologic analyses demonstrated the generation of IgM
antibody titers in most patients, with minimal IgG antibody
stimulation. There was significant binding of IgM antibodies to MCF-7
tumor cells in 16 patients, whereas IgG antibody reactivity was
observed in a few patients. There was evidence of complement-dependent
cytotoxicity in several patients. Affinity column purification
supported the specificity of IgM antibodies for globo H. On the basis
of these data, globo H will constitute one component of a polyvalent
vaccine for evaluation in high-risk breast cancer patients.
This paper introduces the Internet-of-Things (IoT) and describes its evolution from a concept proposed by Kevin Ashton in 1999 through its public emergence in 2005 in a United Nations ITU report entitled "The Internet of Things", to the present day where IoT devices are available as off-the-shelf products from major manufacturers. Using a systematic study of public literature, the paper presents a five-phase categorisation of the development of the Internet-of-Things from its beginnings to the present day. Four mini case studies are included to illustrate some of the issues involved. Finally, the paper discusses some of the big issues facing future developers and marketers of Internet-of-Things based products ranging from artificial intelligence (AI) through to customer privacy and acceptance finishing with an optimistic assessment of the future of the Internet-of-Things.
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