The purpose of this study was to compare the time-use of school-age children in single-parent/one-earner, two-parent/one-earner, and two-parent/two-earner families to determine whether or not there were differences in actual and relative amounts of time used for household work. The sample consisted of 170 households with school-age children. Two instruments were used: a time use chart and a nine-page survey questionnaire. Findings were that employment of the homemaker did not appear to contribute to differences in children's actual time spent on individual household tasks, but it did seem to contribute to differences in the children's share of the total work load. When total time for all tasks was compared, children in two-parent families were found to spend less actual and relative amounts of time on all household work than children in single-parent families. It was concluded that while children from single-parent families spent only a little more actual time than children from two-parent families on individual tasks, the apparent effect was cumulative for time spent on all tasks.
An energy future based on conservation will require that consumers subscribe to a Consumer Energy Conservation Ethic. This study identifies the components and best predictors of a conservation ethic.
The results of a detailed study of the effect of the cutout on the response of curved sandwich panels are presented. The panels have honeycomb core composite face sheets. The loading consists of a temperature gradient through-the-thickness combined with pressure loading and edge shortening or edge shear. The analysis is based on a first-order shear-deformation Sanders-Budiansky type theory with the effects of large displacements, moderate rotations, transverse shear deformation and laminated anisotropic material behavior included. A mixed formulation is used with the fundamental unknowns consisting of the generalized displacements and the stress resultants of the panel. The nonlinear displacements, strain energy, principal strains, transverse shear stresses, transverse shear strain energy density, and their hierarchical sensitivity coefficients are evaluated. The hierarchical sensitivity coefficients measure the sensitivity of the nonlinear response to variations in the panel parameters, the effective properties of the face sheet layers and the core, and the micromechanical parameters. Numerical results are presented for cylindrical sandwich panels and show the effects of variations in the loading and the size of the cutout on the global and local response quantities and their sensitivity to changes in the various panel, effective layer and micromechanical parameters.
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