Although integration has been a part of South American discourse for decades, the level at which it is actually promoted remains far from that which is observed in dynamic production and trading centers. Given transformations in global trade, the phenomenon of global value chains is, in fact, very regionalized. We ask whether the trading pattern of Mercosur countries is aligned with approaches based on regional value chain, and if not, how it differs and why. In our evidence and analysis, we primarily use traditional gross trade data and Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators, and we look more at countries' profiles. We show that there has been a decrease in Brazilian trade with Mercosur, with manufactured exports being the main reason for the decline. We indicate that, in addition to the effect of China in the 2000s, there has been a structural movement of Mercosur economies, mainly regarding Brazil, which supports a hypothesis of primarization or deindustrialization. Our results show that Brazil and Argentina are both relatively closed to foreign trade, as well as global and regional value chains, which makes them even more poorly integrated with one another. This reinforces what we call Mercosur's 'introspective' model of integration, making it less outward-oriented, which is divergent with what is observed when regional value chains are encouraged.
In this article, I examine Latin American regionalism from the collapse of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) to the emergence and development of the Pacific Alliance (PA) in the period 2005 to 2015. For most of the research, I use the main economic blocs in the region, Mercosur as well as the PA, as the units of analysis. The main findings are that since the FTAA’s collapse, integration processes have become more heterogeneous; that Mercosur and the PA contrast with one another in political-economic terms; that the Brazilian project of establishing a post-liberal/post-hegemonic regionalism in South America has not succeeded; and that regional demand for Brazilian products is at risk of shifting to other markets in the medium to long term, thus further undermining its aspirations towards regional leadership. All of this is evidence of a decentred economic regionalism – that is, a form of regionalism in which no single state is in central command, or has enough followers to assume leadership and establish a dominant conception of integration and regional cooperation. Other factors contributing to this decentralisation are the poor economic performance of Brazil and Mexico, and the US government’s changed attitude towards trade relations with Latin America. Despite this, I argue that Latin American countries do need to strengthen cooperation within and among these regional blocs, aimed at promoting their joint global competitiveness. This will require cooperation rather than coercion, and networks and connectivity rather than hierarchies.
Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto e distribuído sob os termos da Licença de Atribuição Creative Commons, que permite uso irrestrito, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, desde que o autor e a fonte originais sejam creditados.
Para se produzir 1Kg de queijo são necessários cerca de 10 litros de leite e são gerados 9 litros de soro do leite que possui um alto valor nutricional. Dessa forma, o soro costuma ser subutilizado como ração animal, ou até mesmo ser considerado como um rejeito pela indústria, o que se torna preocupante devido ao seu poder poluente. Diante disso, o presente trabalho visa avaliar a viabilidade de investimentos financeiros em torno do soro como matéria prima para outros produtos na cidade de Sanharó, uma das maiores produtoras de queijo do estado de Pernambuco. Neste trabalho, foram analisadas duas propostas de processos para ver qual possui maior atratividade econômica. Observou-se que, com as considerações propostas, apenas o processo 1 apresenta viabilidade econômica.
Uma das maneiras de analisar a sustentabilidade econômica das operadoras de planos de saúde médico é por meio da análise do índice de sinistralidade. Este estudo objetiva analisar o índice de sinistralidade dos diversos tipos de planos de uma operadora de planos de saúde médico localizada no município de Tangará da Serra – MT. A pesquisa se caracteriza como estudo de caso e possui cunho exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa, utilizando fontes primárias de pesquisa relacionadas aos anos de 2015, 2016 e 2017. Os resultados demonstraram que a operadora pesquisada obteve nos anos em análise índice de sinistralidade de 71,28%, 70,66% e 72,46% respectivamente, com média dos três anos de 71,47%. No Brasil, as operadoras do mesmo porte apresentaram no ano de 2013 índices médio de sinistralidade de 85,1%. Desse modo, operadora, nos períodos em análise, apresentou índice abaixo da média nacional e dentro do índice considerado aceitável pela literatura (75%).
This article analyzes the situation of contemporary international economic activity in the two important emerging countries: Russia and China. Its key argument is that the involvement of non-central governments in international business is in fact an important feature of global economy, even though this involvement shows different levels of engagement and of institutionalization. Some of these subnational regions face challenges when they try to keep relations abroad, mainly in countries where international trade and investment promotion's benefits are not a unanimous idea or a well spread knowledge. The article is divided into two parts. First, it's performed an overview on the international business of Russian state governments and Chinese provinces. Second, it highlights the similarities and differences between the international business activities of the subnational governments (SNGs) aforementioned.
O artigo versa sobre alguns dos dilemas políticos e econômicos contemporâneos do Mercosul, especialmente aqueles inseridos no debate em torno do estágio de integração entre, de um lado, permanecer enquanto uma União Aduaneira Imperfeita, e de outro, retorno a unicamente uma Área de Livre Comércio. Destaca-se que embora a opção de retorno a uma ALC conceda maior autonomia ao Brasil para firmar acordos extrarregionais, tal opção incidirá em grandes riscos às exportações brasileiras para o bloco, sobretudo, de produtos manufaturados. Ressaltamos que, independentemente do estágio, o bloco deve possuir ambições para além da região de forma a sustentar a integração comercial e produtiva.
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