Radiological protection is a matter of concern for members of the public and thus national authorities are more likely to trust the quality of radioactivity data provided by accredited laboratories using common standards. Normative approach based on international standards aims to ensure the accuracy or validity of the test result through calibrations and measurements traceable to the International System of Units. This approach guarantees that radioactivity test results on the same types of samples are comparable over time and space as well as between different testing laboratories. Today, testing laboratories involved in radioactivity measurement have a set of more than 150 international standards to help them perform their work. Most of them are published by the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). This paper reviews the most essential ISO standards that give guidance to testing laboratories at different stages from sampling planning to the transmission of the test report to their customers, summarizes recent activities and achievements and present the perspectives on new standards under development by the ISO Working Groups dealing with radioactivity measurement in connection with radiological protection.
As one of the three natural isotopes of hydrogen, tritium is ubiquitous and may potentially be present in any water or organic molecule that constitutes a biological matrix. Milk is one of the most frequently monitored foodstuffs in the vicinity of chronic release of radionuclides, as it is a very common food product and also because it integrates deposition on large areas of grass or crops at a local scale. Different parameters have been studied to assess their impact on the reliability of tritium measurements in the free water of milk. The volume of the sample, the technique used to extract the water and the level of dehydration modulate the results but in different ways: dispersion of results and under- or over-estimation of the tritium activity. The influence of sample storage and preparation has also been investigated. Methodological improvements of tritium measurements in the free water of milk are proposed. An original fractionation effect during distillation of milk is also described.
Le curium-242 est un isotope particulièrement important dans les combustibles nucléaires irradiés en raison de sa contribution à la puissance résiduelle et également de sa chaîne de décroissance radioactive. La détermination de sa teneur est donc essentielle pour améliorer la connaissance des données nucléaires de base. Selon la nature et le temps de refroidissement du combustible irradié, la teneur en 242 Cm peut être inférieure à la limite de détection des techniques de spectrométrie de masse classiquement utilisées. La spectrométrie alpha peut alors prendre le relais pour ce radionucléide de courte période (T = 162,9 jours). À partir de solutions diluées de deux combustibles MOX (OXyde Mixte d'uranium et de plutonium) irradiés de faible temps de refroidissement et dont la teneur en 242 Cm est de quelques dizaines de pg, la mise au point de différentes séparations chimiques successives a permis d'obtenir des fractions de curium suffisamment pures pour effectuer l'analyse isotopique du curium par spectrométrie de masse à thermo-ionisation mais également la détermination du rapport 242 Cm/ 244 Cm par spectrométrie alpha. L'accord obtenu sur les rapports déterminés par les deux techniques a permis d'étendre la mesure par spectrométrie alpha à un combustible UOX (OXyde d'Uranium) de teneur en 242 Cm encore plus faible. L'association de la mesure du rapport 242 Cm/ 244 Cm avec le rapport 244 Cm/ 238 U déterminé par spectrométrie de masse à thermo-ionisation et dilution isotopique, à l'aide d'un traceur 248 Cm/ 233 U, permet ainsi de connaître la teneur en curium-242 par rapport à l'uranium-238, utilisé comme référence, dans le combustible. ABSTRACT Determination of curium-242 by α spectrometry and mass spectrometry in spent nuclear fuels.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.