This study identifies the factors accountable for the historical growth trends in kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consumption in Cameroon households, thereby quantifying their short-and long-run effects for the period 1994-2014. ARDL bound test and Granger-causality following Toda-Yamamoto procedure under an augmented VAR framework are estimated. Empirical results validate the presence of a long-run equilibrium relationship on one hand between kerosene consumption, prices, income, and urbanization; and on the other hand between LPG consumption, prices, income, and urbanization. Prices, income and urbanization have significant positive impact on kerosene and LPG consumption both in the short-and long-runs, with evidence of high degree of fuel substitution from kerosene to LPG. Granger causality test show that there exists bidirectional causality between LPG consumption and income at the 5% significance level, whereas there is no causality between kerosene consumption and income. This means that an increase in LPG consumption affects economic growth with feedback effect. Consequently, supporting energy policies aimed at increasing LPG consumption while reducing kerosene consumption is achievable in Cameroon. Other captious policy measures and sensitive issues such as market liberalization, energy accretion programs and market competitiveness to upgrade availability, accessibility, distribution and extension of energy services are discussed.
The mastery of demand for electricity in Cameroon is one of the concerns of the State, which is part of the development plan for the electricity sector by 2025. Thus, this paper identifies the factors that influence the electricity sector and mentions positive government actions. We use in this work data on the basis of previous work on one hand and a survey on the other hand in order to reinforce the analysis. The survey was conducted on a sample of 3,000 households in Douala in order to identify socio-economic factors that influence the electricity sector. For this, face-to-face approach was chosen. Households were randomly selected, then a questionnaire was submitted to them, assisting them in their response options. Results show that though certain factors have a positive influence on the electricity sector, Cameroon's current electricity system still remains unsustainable. A comprehensive view of how various factors influence the electricity sector in Cameroon would help in understanding the challenges for the future development of the sector. Government policies in this area would be more enlightened and undergo reorganization. Different models of electricity consumption could thus be formulated and adopted in order to predict the potential impacts of changes in planning.
In this study, a techno-economic feasibility analysis of hybrid renewable energy systems for four household categories in rural areas of Chad was studied based on the multi-criteria assessment technique. The problem of this study is to know the best optimal solution in the technical and economic feasibility study of the decentralized mini-grids for the rural electrification of isolated villages in Chad. The main objective of the work is to assess technically, economically and environmentally the feasibility of six scenarios of hybrid systems in five isolated sites in Chad. The performance analysis involved six scenarios of possible hybrid solutions while achieving a supply-demand balance for sustainable electrification of the remote villages, using the HOMER software. The results have shown that the optimum combination of the hybrid system was the photovoltaic/battery system with a Net Present Cost (NPC) of US $ 328,146 and it was found at Etena village. The photovoltaic/Wind/Diesel/Battery hybrid configuration was the least optimum system and it has appeared in Mandelia village. In terms of energy cost, the lowest Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) was estimated at US $ 0.236/kWh in a photovoltaic/Wind/Battery configuration at Koundoul site and the highest costs US $ 0.363/kWh in the photovoltaic/Battery configuration at the Linia site. It is established that hybrid solutions can be developed to make electricity available and accessible to the population of the remote rural areas in Chad. However, it is imperative that the local government must subsidize the diesel price to promote the adaptation of the abundant renewable solutions.
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