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-Les phénomènes de retrait et de gonflement des argiles induisent chaque année des dégâts sur les structures d'habitation. Leur compréhension et leur quantification constituent donc deux objectifs importants pour réduire la sinistralité. C'est dans ce contexte qu'a été développé, au sein d'un microscope électronique à balayage environnemental (MEBE), un nouveau dispositif pour caractériser le retrait et le gonflement de matériaux argileux. Il permet d'établir la relation qui lie la variation de volume d'un micro-échantillon à sa variation de teneur en eau, très rapidement. Associé à un modèle analytique qui s'appuie sur des profils types de pénétration de la sécheresse dans le sol, ce nouvel essai permet d'estimer l'amplitude du tassement et/ou du gonflement attendu à l'échelle d'un ouvrage. Mots clés : caractérisation des argiles / retrait / gonflement / dispositif expérimental Abstract-A new device to analyse the shrinkage and swelling of clayey soils. Each year, the shrinkage and swelling of clays induce damages on housing structures. Their understanding and their quantifying constitute two important objectives to reduce damages. It is in this context that was developed a new device to characterise the swelling-shrinkage behaviour of these clayey materials within an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM). It allows to construct a relationship between the volume variation of a microsample and its water content variation in a very short time. Associated with an analytical model based on standard profiles of drought penetration in the soil, this new test allows to estimate the amplitude of settlement and/or swelling at the house scale.

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In their paper, Dekimpe and colleagues support the view that a major step forward seems to have been accomplished since the time when Blattberg et al. [1] stated that long-term effect is 'probably the most debated issue in (the) promotional literature and one for which the jury is still out'.On the methodological front, I have few comments. First, persistence modelling offers an advantage over standard econometric modelling: impulse response function, associated with VARX modelling, avoids the need to predetermine the long term impact of such variables as promotion or advertising.A second remark is related to aggregation. Aggregation bias due to heterogeneity in promotional activity across stores can be an issue. This aspect has been discussed in econometric modelling but, to my knowledge, it has not been analyzed in persistence modelling. The authors are aware of this shortage and provide some comparisons which aim to demonstrate that the potential biases seem to be low [2]. Similar questions arise with the aggregation across SKUs up to the brand level. I agree with the conclusion that additional work needs to be done on this issue.Finally, an important methodological aspect is the fact that dependent variables other than sales or market share need to be investigated, e.g. own-price elasticity. The methodology used here does not make a distinction between base-price (regular price) elasticity versus temporary price cut (TPR) elasticity. A price variation whether it is temporary or not, if substantial, triggers an impulse shock. As a price-down repositioning can be considered as a TPR during the following few weeks, it seems fair to state that the authors measure a sensitivity to temporary price reduction. An important question is then: what additional key metrics need to be considered? Base price elasticity is possibly another one. We see below that this shift can lead to potential difficulties.As a practitioner, I consider that perhaps, the most important contribution of this research relies on the large number of product categories studied. This enables the authors to perform a meta-analysis and to provide benchmarks to practitioners. To summarize a long list of useful

technologique Alata BP 2 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte (à Terrasol au moment de l'étude) jean-bernard. kazmierczak@ ineris.fr G. REGAL Saint-Gobain VICA SA (à Terrasol au moment de l'étude) gilberto.regal@ saint-gobain.com

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Influence sur le milieu de l'installation d'un panneau de paroi moulée en béton, dans une argile raide saturéeRésumé L'objet de cet article est d'apporter quelques éléments de réponse à la question suivante : la phase initiale du creusement, sous boue de bentonite, d'un panneau de paroi moulée, a-t-elle une influence sur le comportement ultérieur du sol et des structures ? Une méthode numérique aux différences finies (modèle biphasique couplé), avec une géométrie tridimensionnelle a été mise en oeuvre. Les résultats qu'elle procure ont été confrontés avec des mesures de chantier. Cette analyse montre que l'approche 3D est acceptable pour l'évaluation des déplacements, des contraintes et des pressions interstitielles. Elle pourrait toutefois être avantageusement remplacée par une approche axisymétrique.Effect of a cast in situ concrete diaphragm wall panel on the behavior of a saturated stiff clay Abstract The scope of this paper is to provide several findings relating to the question . Does the initial excavation phase of a cast in situ panel using a bentonite supporting fluid have an effect on the ultimate behavior of the soil and supported structures ? This study was performed using the Finite Difference Method and considering a three-dimensional geometry and a dual phase coupled behavior. The numerical results were compared to the measurements made on-site. The study demonstrated that a 3D approach is suitable for evaluating the displacements, stresses and pore water pressures. On the other hand, it was also show that the three-dimensional model could be replaced by a more simple axisymmetrical analysis.